Рассказ гордость и предубеждение

Title page
Author	Jane Austen
Working title	First Impressions
Country	United Kingdom
Language	English
Genre	Classic Regency novel Romance novel
Set in	Hertfordshire and Derbyshire, c. 1811-12
Publisher	T. Egerton, Whitehall
Publication date	28 January 1813
Media type	Print (hardback, 3 volumes), digitalized
OCLC	38659585
Dewey Decimal	823.7
LC Class	PR4034 .P7
Preceded by	Sense and Sensibility
Followed by	Mansfield Park
Text	Pride and Prejudice at Wikisource

Pride and Prejudice is an 1813 novel of manners by Jane Austen. The novel follows the character development of Elizabeth Bennet, the dynamic protagonist of the book who learns about the repercussions of hasty judgments and comes to appreciate the difference between superficial goodness and actual goodness.

Mr. Bennet, owner of the Longbourn estate in Hertfordshire, has five daughters, but his property is entailed and can only be passed to a male heir. His wife also lacks an inheritance, so his family faces becoming poor upon his death. Thus, it is imperative that at least one of the daughters marries well to support the others, which is a motivation that drives the plot.

Pride and Prejudice has consistently appeared near the top of lists of «most-loved books» among literary scholars and the reading public. It has become one of the most popular novels in English literature, with over 20 million copies sold, and has inspired many derivatives in modern literature.^[1][2] For more than a century, dramatic adaptations, reprints, unofficial sequels, films, and TV versions of Pride and Prejudice have portrayed the memorable characters and themes of the novel, reaching mass audiences.^[3]

Plot summary[edit]

In the early 19th century, the Bennet family live at their Longbourn estate, situated near the village of Meryton in Hertfordshire, England. Mrs. Bennet’s greatest desire is to marry off her five daughters in order to secure their futures. The arrival of Mr. Bingley, a rich bachelor who rents the neighbouring Netherfield estate, gives her hope that one of her daughters might contract an advantageous marriage, because «It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife».

At a ball, the family is introduced to the Netherfield party, including Mr. Bingley, his two sisters and Mr. Darcy, his dearest friend. Mr. Bingley’s friendly and cheerful manner earns him popularity among the guests. He appears interested in Jane, the eldest Bennet daughter. Mr. Darcy, reputed to be twice as wealthy as Mr Bingley, is haughty and aloof, causing a decided dislike of him. He declines to dance with Elizabeth, the second-eldest Bennet daughter, as she is «not handsome enough». Although she jokes about it with her friend, Elizabeth is deeply offended. Despite this first impression, Mr. Darcy secretly begins to find himself drawn to Elizabeth as they continue to encounter each other at social events, appreciating her wit and frankness.

Mr. Collins, the heir to the Longbourn estate, visits the Bennet family with the intention of finding a wife among the five girls under the advice of his patroness Lady Catherine de Bourgh, also revealed to be Mr. Darcy’s aunt. He decides to pursue Elizabeth. The Bennet family meet the charming army officer George Wickham, who tells Elizabeth in confidence Mr. Darcy’s horrible past actions in his regards. Elizabeth, blinded by her prejudice toward Mr. Darcy, believes him.

Elizabeth dances with Mr. Darcy at a ball, where Mrs. Bennet hints loudly that she expects Jane and Bingley to become engaged. Elizabeth rejects Mr. Collins’ marriage proposal, to her mother’s fury and her father’s relief. Mr. Collins instead proposes to Charlotte Lucas, a friend of Elizabeth. Having heard Mrs. Bennet’s words at the ball and disapproving of the marriage, Mr. Darcy joins Mr. Bingley in a trip to London and, with the help of his sisters, convinces him not to return to Netherfield. A heartbroken Jane visits her Aunt and Uncle Gardiner in London to raise her spirits, while Elizabeth’s hatred for Mr. Darcy grows as she suspects he was responsible for Mr Bingley’s departure.

In the spring, Elizabeth visits Charlotte and Mr. Collins in Kent. Elizabeth and her hosts are invited to Rosings Park, Lady Catherine’s home. Mr. Darcy and his cousin, Colonel Fitzwilliam, are also visiting Rosings Park. Fitzwilliam tells Elizabeth how Mr. Darcy recently saved a friend, presumably Bingley, from an undesirable match. Elizabeth realises that the prevented engagement was to Jane. Mr. Darcy proposes to Elizabeth, declaring his love for her despite her low social connections. She is shocked, as she was unaware of Mr. Darcy’s interest, and rejects him angrily, saying that he is the last person she would ever marry and that she could never love a man who caused her sister such unhappiness; she further accuses him of treating Wickham unjustly. Mr. Darcy brags about his success in separating Bingley and Jane and sarcastically dismisses the accusation regarding Wickham without addressing it.

Mr. Darcy gives Elizabeth a letter, explaining that Wickham, the son of his late father’s steward, had refused the «living» his father had arranged for him and was instead given money for it. Wickham quickly squandered the money and tried to elope with Darcy’s 15-year-old sister, Georgiana, for her considerable dowry. Mr. Darcy also writes that he separated Jane and Bingley because he believed her indifferent to Bingley and because of the lack of propriety displayed by her family. Elizabeth is ashamed by her family’s behaviour and her own prejudice against Mr. Darcy.

Months later, Elizabeth accompanies the Gardiners on a tour of Derbyshire. They visit Pemberley, Darcy’s estate. When Mr. Darcy returns unexpectedly, he is exceedingly gracious with Elizabeth and the Gardiners. Elizabeth is surprised by Darcy’s behaviour and grows fond of him, even coming to regret rejecting his proposal. She receives news that her sister Lydia has run off with Wickham. She tells Mr. Darcy, then departs in haste. After an agonising interim, Wickham agrees to marry Lydia. She visits the family and tells Elizabeth that Mr. Darcy was at her wedding. Though Mr. Darcy had sworn everyone involved to secrecy, Mrs. Gardiner now feels obliged to inform Elizabeth that he secured the match, at great expense and trouble to himself.

Mr. Bingley and Mr. Darcy return to Netherfield. Jane accepts Mr. Bingley’s proposal. Lady Catherine, having heard rumours that Elizabeth intends to marry Mr. Darcy, visits her and demands she promise never to accept Mr. Darcy’s proposal, as she and Darcy’s late mother had already planned his marriage to her daughter Anne. Elizabeth refuses and asks the outraged Lady Catherine to leave. Darcy, heartened by his aunt’s indignant relaying of Elizabeth’s response, again proposes to her and is accepted.

Characters[edit]

• Elizabeth Bennet – the second-eldest of the Bennet daughters, she is attractive, witty and intelligent – but with a tendency to form tenacious and prejudiced first impressions. As the story progresses, so does her relationship with Mr Darcy. The course of Elizabeth and Darcy’s relationship is ultimately decided when Darcy overcomes his pride, and Elizabeth overcomes her prejudice, leading them both to surrender to their love for each other.
• Mr Fitzwilliam Darcy – Mr Bingley’s friend and the wealthy owner of the family estate of Pemberley in Derbyshire, rumoured to be worth at least £10,000 a year. While he is handsome, tall, and intelligent, Darcy lacks ease and social graces, and so others frequently mistake his initially haughty reserve as proof of excessive pride (which, in part, it is). A new visitor to the village, he is ultimately Elizabeth Bennet’s love interest. Though he appears to be proud and is largely disliked by people for this reason, his servants vouch for his kindness and decency.
• Mr Bennet – A logical and reasonable late-middle-aged landed gentleman of a more modest income of £2,000 per annum, and the dryly sarcastic patriarch of the now-dwindling Bennet family (a family of Hertfordshire landed gentry), with five unmarried daughters. His estate, Longbourn, is entailed to the male line. His affection for his wife wore off early in their marriage and is now reduced to mere toleration. He is often described as ‘indolent’ in the novel.
• Mrs Bennet (née Gardiner) – the middle-aged wife of her social superior, Mr Bennet, and the mother of their five daughters (Jane, Elizabeth, Mary, Catherine and Lydia). Mrs Bennet is a hypochondriac who imagines herself susceptible to attacks of tremors and palpitations (her «poor nerves») whenever things are not going her way. Her main ambition in life is to marry her daughters off to wealthy men. Whether or not any such matches will give her daughters happiness is of little concern to her. She was settled a dowry of £4,000 from her father.

• Jane Bennet – the eldest Bennet sister. She is considered the most beautiful young lady in the neighbourhood and is inclined to see only the good in others (but can be persuaded otherwise on sufficient evidence). She falls in love with Charles Bingley, a rich young gentleman recently moved to Hertfordshire and a close friend of Mr Darcy.
• Mary Bennet – the middle Bennet sister, and the plainest of her siblings. Mary has a serious disposition and mostly reads and plays music, although she is often impatient to display her accomplishments and is rather vain about them. She frequently moralises to her family. According to James Edward Austen-Leigh’s A Memoir of Jane Austen, Mary ended up marrying one of her Uncle Philips’ law clerks and moving into Meryton with him.
• Catherine «Kitty» Bennet – the fourth Bennet daughter. Though older than Lydia, she is her shadow and follows her in her pursuit of the officers of the militia. She is often portrayed as envious of Lydia and is described as a «silly» young woman. However, it is said that she improved when removed from Lydia’s influence. According to James Edward Austen-Leigh’s A Memoir of Jane Austen, Kitty later married a clergyman who lived near Pemberley.
• Lydia Bennet – the youngest Bennet sister. She is frivolous and headstrong. Her main activity in life is socialising, especially flirting with the officers of the militia. This leads to her running off with George Wickham, although he has no intention of marrying her. Lydia shows no regard for the moral code of her society; as Ashley Tauchert says, she «feels without reasoning».^[5]
• Charles Bingley – a handsome, amiable, wealthy young gentleman (a nouveau riche) from the north of England (possibly Yorkshire, as Scarborough is mentioned, and there is, in fact, a real-life town called Bingley in West Yorkshire), who leases Netherfield Park, an estate three miles from Longbourn, with the hopes of purchasing it. He is contrasted with Mr Darcy for having more generally pleasing manners, although he is reliant on his more experienced friend for advice. An example of this is the prevention of Bingley and Jane’s romance because of Bingley’s undeniable dependence on Darcy’s opinion.^[6] He lacks resolve and is easily influenced by others; his two sisters, Miss Caroline Bingley and Mrs Louisa Hurst, both disapprove of Bingley’s growing affection for Miss Jane Bennet. He inherited a fortune of £100,000.^[7]
• Caroline Bingley – the vainglorious, snobbish sister of Charles Bingley, with a fortune of £20,000. Miss Bingley harbours designs upon Mr Darcy, and therefore is jealous of his growing attachment to Elizabeth. She attempts to dissuade Mr Darcy from liking Elizabeth by ridiculing the Bennet family and criticising Elizabeth’s comportment. Miss Bingley also disapproves of her brother’s esteem for Jane Bennet, and is disdainful of society in Meryton. Her wealth (which she overspends) and her expensive education seem to be the two greatest sources of Miss Bingley’s vanity and conceit; likewise, she is very insecure about the fact that her and her family’s money all comes from trade, and is eager both for her brother to purchase an estate, elevating the Bingleys to the ranks of the gentry, and for herself to marry a landed gentleman (i.e. Mr Darcy). The dynamic between Miss Bingley and her sister, Louisa Hurst, seems to echo that of Lydia and Kitty Bennet, and of Mrs Bennet and Mrs Phillips, in that one sister of the pair is no more than a follower of the other: Caroline occupies the same position as Lydia does with Kitty, and Louisa the same position as Mrs Bennet with Mrs Phillips (though, in Louisa’s case, as she is already married, she is not under the same pressure as Caroline). Louisa is married to Mr Hurst, who has a house in Grosvenor Square, London.
• George Wickham – Wickham has been acquainted with Mr Darcy since infancy, being the son of Mr Darcy’s father’s steward. An officer in the militia, he is superficially charming and rapidly forms an attachment with Elizabeth Bennet. He later runs off with Lydia with no intention of marriage, which would have resulted in her and her family’s complete disgrace, but for Darcy’s intervention to bribe Wickham to marry her by paying off his immediate debts.
• Mr William Collins – Mr Collins is Mr Bennet’s distant second cousin, a clergyman, and the current heir presumptive to his estate of Longbourn House. He is an obsequious and pompous man, prone to making long and tedious speeches, who is excessively devoted to his patroness, Lady Catherine de Bourgh.
• Lady Catherine de Bourgh – the overbearing aunt of Mr Darcy. Lady Catherine is the wealthy owner of Rosings Park, where she resides with her daughter Anne and is fawned upon by her rector, Mr Collins. She is haughty, pompous, domineering, and condescending, and has long planned to marry off her sickly daughter to Darcy, to ‘unite their two great estates’, claiming it to be the dearest wish of both her and her late sister, Lady Anne Darcy (née Fitzwilliam).
• Mr Edward Gardiner and Mrs Gardiner – Edward Gardiner is Mrs Bennet’s brother and a successful tradesman of sensible and gentlemanly character. Aunt Gardiner is genteel and elegant and is close to her nieces Jane and Elizabeth. The Gardiners are the parents of four children. They are instrumental in bringing about the marriage between Darcy and Elizabeth.
• Georgiana Darcy – Georgiana is Mr Darcy’s quiet, amiable and shy younger sister, with a dowry of £30,000, and is aged barely 16 when the story begins. When still 15, Miss Darcy almost eloped with Mr Wickham but was saved by her brother, whom she idolises. Thanks to years of tutelage under masters, she is accomplished at the piano, singing, playing the harp, drawing, and modern languages and is therefore described as Caroline Bingley’s idea of an «accomplished woman».
• Charlotte Lucas – Charlotte is Elizabeth’s friend who, at 27 years old (and thus beyond what was then considered prime marriageable age), fears becoming a burden to her family and therefore readily agrees to marry Mr Collins to gain financial security, having seized the opportunity to claim his attentions after Elizabeth turns down his proposal. Though the novel stresses the importance of love and understanding in marriage, Austen never seems to condemn Charlotte’s decision to marry for security. She uses Charlotte to convey how women of her time would adhere to society’s expectation for women to marry even if it is not out of love, but convenience.^[8] Charlotte is the daughter of Sir William Lucas and Lady Lucas, neighbours of the Bennet family.
• Colonel Fitzwilliam – Colonel Fitzwilliam is the younger son of an earl and the nephew of Lady Catherine de Bourgh and Lady Anne Darcy; this makes him the cousin of Anne de Bourgh and the Darcy siblings, Fitzwilliam and Georgiana. He is about 30 years old at the beginning of the novel. He is the coguardian of Miss Georgiana Darcy, along with his cousin, Mr Darcy. According to Colonel Fitzwilliam, as a younger son, he cannot marry without thought to his prospective bride’s dowry.

Major themes[edit]

Many critics take the title as the start when analysing the themes of Pride and Prejudice but Robert Fox cautions against reading too much into the title (which was initially First Impressions), because commercial factors may have played a role in its selection. «After the success of Sense and Sensibility, nothing would have seemed more natural than to bring out another novel of the same author using again the formula of antithesis and alliteration for the title. The qualities of the title are not exclusively assigned to one or the other of the protagonists; both Elizabeth and Darcy display pride and prejudice.»^[9] The phrase «pride and prejudice» had been used over the preceding two centuries by Joseph Hall, Jeremy Taylor, Joseph Addison and Samuel Johnson.^[10][11] Austen probably took her title from a passage in Fanny Burney’s Cecilia (1782), a popular novel she is known to have admired:

‘The whole of this unfortunate business, said Dr Lyster, has been the result of PRIDE and PREJUDICE. […] if to PRIDE and PREJUDICE you owe your miseries, so wonderfully is good and evil balanced, that to PRIDE and PREJUDICE you will also owe their termination.’^[11][12] (capitalisation as in the original)

A theme in much of Austen’s work is the importance of environment and upbringing in developing young people’s character and morality.^[13] Social standing and wealth are not necessarily advantages in her world and a further theme common to Austen’s work is ineffectual parents. In Pride and Prejudice, the failure of Mr and Mrs Bennet as parents is blamed for Lydia’s lack of moral judgment. Darcy has been taught to be principled and scrupulously honourable but he is also proud and overbearing.^[13] Kitty, rescued from Lydia’s bad influence and spending more time with her older sisters after they marry, is said to improve greatly in their superior society.^[14] The American novelist Anna Quindlen observed in an introduction to an edition of Austen’s novel in 1995:

Pride and Prejudice is also about that thing that all great novels consider, the search for self. And it is the first great novel that teaches us this search is as surely undertaken in the drawing room making small talk as in the pursuit of a great white whale or the public punishment of adultery.^[15]

Marriage[edit]

The opening line of the novel famously announces: «It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.»^[16] This sets marriage as a motif and a problem in the novel. Readers are poised to question whether or not these single men need a wife, or if the need is dictated by the «neighbourhood» families and their daughters who require a «good fortune».

Marriage is a complex social activity that takes political and financial economy into account. In the case of Charlotte Lucas, the seeming success of her marriage lies in the comfortable financial circumstances of their household, while the relationship between Mr and Mrs Bennet serves to illustrate bad marriages based on an initial attraction and surface over substance (economic and psychological). The Bennets’ marriage is an example that the youngest Bennet, Lydia, re-enacts with Wickham and the results are far from felicitous. Although the central characters, Elizabeth and Darcy, begin the novel as hostile acquaintances and unlikely friends, they eventually work toward a better understanding of themselves and each other, which frees them to truly fall in love. This does not eliminate the challenges of the real differences in their technically-equivalent social status as gentry and their female relations. It does however provide them with a better understanding of each other’s point of view from the different ends of the rather wide scale of differences within that category.

When Elizabeth rejects Darcy’s first proposal, the argument of marrying for love is introduced. Elizabeth only accepts Darcy’s proposal when she is certain she loves him and her feelings are reciprocated.^[17] Austen’s complex sketching of different marriages ultimately allows readers to question what forms of alliance are desirable especially when it comes to privileging economic, sexual, companionate attraction.^[18]

Wealth[edit]

Money plays a fundamental role in the marriage market, for the young ladies seeking a well-off husband and for men who wish to marry a woman of means. George Wickham tries to elope with Georgiana Darcy, and Colonel Fitzwilliam states that he will marry someone with wealth. Marrying a woman of a rich family also ensured a linkage to a higher-class family, as is visible in the desires of Bingley’s sisters to have their brother married to Georgiana Darcy. Mrs Bennet is frequently seen encouraging her daughters to marry a wealthy man of high social class. In chapter 1, when Mr Bingley arrives, she declares «I am thinking of his marrying one of them».^[19]

Inheritance was by descent but could be further restricted by entailment, which in the case of the Longbourn estate restricted inheritance to male heirs only. In the case of the Bennet family, Mr Collins was to inherit the family estate upon Mr Bennet’s death in the absence of any closer male heirs, and his proposal to Elizabeth would have ensured her security; but she refuses his offer. Inheritance laws benefited males because married women did not have independent legal rights until the second half of the 19th century. For the upper-middle and aristocratic classes, marriage to a man with a reliable income was almost the only route to security for the woman and the children she was to have.^[20] The irony of the opening line is that generally within this society it would be a woman who would be looking for a wealthy husband to have a prosperous life.^[21]

Class[edit]

Austen might be known now for her «romances» but the marriages in her novels engage with economics and class distinction. Pride and Prejudice is hardly the exception. When Darcy proposes to Elizabeth, he cites their economic and social differences as an obstacle his excessive love has had to overcome, though he still anxiously harps on the problems it poses for him within his social circle. His aunt, Lady Catherine, later characterises these differences in particularly harsh terms when she conveys what Elizabeth’s marriage to Darcy will become, «Will the shades of Pemberley be thus polluted?» Although Elizabeth responds to Lady Catherine’s accusations that hers is a potentially contaminating economic and social position (Elizabeth even insists she and Darcy, as gentleman’s daughter and gentleman, are «equals»), Lady Catherine refuses to accept the possibility of Darcy’s marriage to Elizabeth. However, as the novel closes, «…through curiosity to see how his wife conducted herself», Lady Catherine condescends to visit them at Pemberley.^[22]

The Bingleys present a particular problem for navigating class. Though Caroline Bingley and Mrs Hurst behave and speak of others as if they have always belonged in the upper echelons of society, Austen makes it clear that the Bingley fortunes stem from trade. The fact that Bingley rents Netherfield Hall – it is, after all, «to let» – distinguishes him significantly from Darcy, whose estate belonged to his father’s family and through his mother, is the grandson and nephew of an earl. Bingley, unlike Darcy, does not own his property but has portable and growing wealth that makes him a good catch on the marriage market for poorer daughters of the gentry, like Jane Bennet, or of ambitious merchants. Class plays a central role in the evolution of the characters and Jane Austen’s radical approach to class is seen as the plot unfolds.^[23]

An undercurrent of the old Anglo-Norman upper class is hinted at in the story, as suggested by the names of Fitzwilliam Darcy and his aunt, Lady Catherine de Bourgh; Fitzwilliam, D’Arcy, de Bourgh (Burke), and even Bennet, are traditional Norman surnames.^[24]

Self-knowledge[edit]

Through their interactions and their critiques of each other, Darcy and Elizabeth come to recognise their faults and work to correct them. Elizabeth meditates on her own mistakes thoroughly in chapter 36:

«How despicably have I acted!» she cried; «I, who have prided myself on my discernment! I, who have valued myself on my abilities! who have often disdained the generous candour of my sister, and gratified my vanity in useless or blameable distrust. How humiliating is this discovery! yet, how just a humiliation! Had I been in love, I could not have been more wretchedly blind. But vanity, not love, has been my folly. Pleased with the preference of one, and offended by the neglect of the other, on the very beginning of our acquaintance, I have courted prepossession and ignorance, and driven reason away, where either were concerned. Till this moment I never knew myself.»^[25]

Other characters rarely exhibit this depth of understanding or at least are not given the space within the novel for this sort of development. Tanner writes that Mrs Bennet in particular, «has a very limited view of the requirements of that performance; lacking any introspective tendencies she is incapable of appreciating the feelings of others and is only aware of material objects».^[26] Mrs Bennet’s behaviour reflects the society in which she lives, as she knows that her daughters will not succeed if they do not get married. «The business of her life was to get her daughters married: its solace was visiting and news.»^[27] This shows that Mrs Bennet is only aware of «material objects» and not of her feelings and emotions.^[28] A notable exception is Charlotte Lucas, Elizabeth Bennet’s close friend and confidant. She accepts Mr Collins’s proposal of marriage once Lizzie rejects him, not out of sentiment but acute awareness of her circumstances as «one of a large family». Charlotte’s decision is reflective of her prudent nature and awareness.

Style[edit]

Pride and Prejudice, like most of Austen’s works, employs the narrative technique of free indirect speech, which has been defined as «the free representation of a character’s speech, by which one means, not words actually spoken by a character, but the words that typify the character’s thoughts, or the way the character would think or speak, if she thought or spoke».^[29] Austen creates her characters with fully developed personalities and unique voices. Though Darcy and Elizabeth are very alike, they are also considerably different.^[30] By using narrative that adopts the tone and vocabulary of a particular character (in this case, Elizabeth), Austen invites the reader to follow events from Elizabeth’s viewpoint, sharing her prejudices and misapprehensions. «The learning curve, while undergone by both protagonists, is disclosed to us solely through Elizabeth’s point of view and her free indirect speech is essential … for it is through it that we remain caught, if not stuck, within Elizabeth’s misprisions.»^[29] The few times the reader is allowed to gain further knowledge of another character’s feelings, is through the letters exchanged in this novel. Darcy’s first letter to Elizabeth is an example of this as through his letter, the reader and Elizabeth are both given knowledge of Wickham’s true character. Austen is known to use irony throughout the novel especially from viewpoint of the character of Elizabeth Bennet. She conveys the «oppressive rules of femininity that actually dominate her life and work, and are covered by her beautifully carved trojan horse of ironic distance.»^[5] Beginning with a historical investigation of the development of a particular literary form and then transitioning into empirical verifications, it reveals free indirect discourse as a tool that emerged over time as practical means for addressing the physical distinctness of minds. Seen in this way, free indirect discourse is a distinctly literary response to an environmental concern, providing a scientific justification that does not reduce literature to a mechanical extension of biology, but takes its value to be its own original form.^[31]

Development of the novel[edit]

Austen began writing the novel after staying at Goodnestone Park in Kent with her brother Edward and his wife in 1796.^[32] It was originally titled First Impressions, and was written between October 1796 and August 1797.^[33] On 1 November 1797 Austen’s father sent a letter to London bookseller Thomas Cadell to ask if he had any interest in seeing the manuscript, but the offer was declined by return post.^[34] The militia were mobilised after the French declaration of war on Britain in February 1793, and there was initially a lack of barracks for all the militia regiments, requiring the militia to set up huge camps in the countryside, which the novel refers to several times.^[35] The Brighton camp for which the militia regiment leaves in May after spending the winter in Meryton was opened in August 1793, and the barracks for all the regiments of the militia were completed by 1796, placing the events of the novel between 1793 and 1795.^[36]

Austen made significant revisions to the manuscript for First Impressions between 1811 and 1812.^[33] As nothing remains of the original manuscript, we are reduced to conjecture. From the large number of letters in the final novel, it is assumed that First Impressions was an epistolary novel.^[37] She later renamed the story Pride and Prejudice around 1811/1812, when she sold the rights to publish the manuscript to Thomas Egerton for £110^[38] (equivalent to £7,800 in 2021). In renaming the novel, Austen probably had in mind the «sufferings and oppositions» summarised in the final chapter of Fanny Burney’s Cecilia, called «Pride and Prejudice», where the phrase appears three times in block capitals.^[13] It is possible that the novel’s original title was altered to avoid confusion with other works. In the years between the completion of First Impressions and its revision into Pride and Prejudice, two other works had been published under that name: a novel by Margaret Holford and a comedy by Horace Smith.^[34]

Publication history[edit]

Austen sold the copyright for the novel to Thomas Egerton from the Military Library, Whitehall in exchange for £110 (Austen had asked for £150).^[39] This proved a costly decision. Austen had published Sense and Sensibility on a commission basis, whereby she indemnified the publisher against any losses and received any profits, less costs and the publisher’s commission. Unaware that Sense and Sensibility would sell out its edition, making her £140,^[34] she passed the copyright to Egerton for a one-off payment, meaning that all the risk (and all the profits) would be his. Jan Fergus has calculated that Egerton subsequently made around £450 from just the first two editions of the book.^[40]

Egerton published the first edition of Pride and Prejudice in three hardcover volumes on 28 January 1813.^[41] It was advertised in The Morning Chronicle, priced at 18s.^[33] Favourable reviews saw this edition sold out, with a second edition published in October that year. A third edition was published in 1817.^[39]

Foreign language translations first appeared in 1813 in French; subsequent translations were published in German, Danish, and Swedish.^[42] Pride and Prejudice was first published in the United States in August 1832 as Elizabeth Bennet or, Pride and Prejudice.^[39] The novel was also included in Richard Bentley’s Standard Novel series in 1833. R. W. Chapman’s scholarly edition of Pride and Prejudice, first published in 1923, has become the standard edition on which many modern published versions of the novel are based.^[39]

The novel was originally published anonymously, as were all of Austen’s novels. However, whereas her first published novel, Sense and Sensibility was presented as being written «by a Lady,» Pride and Prejudice was attributed to «the Author of Sense and Sensibility«. This began to consolidate a conception of Austen as an author, albeit anonymously. Her subsequent novels were similarly attributed to the anonymous author of all her then-published works.

Reception[edit]

At first publication[edit]

The novel was well received, with three favourable reviews in the first months following publication.^[40] Anne Isabella Milbanke, later to be the wife of Lord Byron, called it «the fashionable novel».^[40] Noted critic and reviewer George Henry Lewes declared that he «would rather have written Pride and Prejudice, or Tom Jones, than any of the Waverley Novels».^[43]

Charlotte Brontë, however, in a letter to Lewes, wrote that Pride and Prejudice was a disappointment, «a carefully fenced, highly cultivated garden, with neat borders and delicate flowers; but … no open country, no fresh air, no blue hill, no bonny beck».^[43][44]

Austen for her part thought the «playfulness and epigrammaticism» of Pride and Prejudice was excessive, complaining in a letter to her sister Cassandra in 1813 that the novel lacked «shade» and should have had a chapter «of solemn specious nonsense, about something unconnected with the story; an essay on writing, a critique on Walter Scott or the history of Buonaparté».^[45]

Walter Scott wrote in his journal, «Read again and for the third time at least, Miss Austen’s very finely written novel of Pride and Prejudice.»^[46]

20th century[edit]

The American scholar Claudia L. Johnson defended the novel from the criticism that it has an unrealistic fairy-tale quality.^[47] One critic, Mary Poovey, wrote that the «romantic conclusion» of Pride and Prejudice is an attempt to hedge the conflict between the «individualistic perspective inherent in the bourgeois value system and the authoritarian hierarchy retained from traditional, paternalistic society».^[47] Johnson wrote that Austen’s view of a power structure capable of reformation was not an «escape» from conflict.^[47] Johnson wrote the «outrageous unconventionality» of Elizabeth Bennet was in Austen’s own time very daring, especially given the strict censorship that was imposed in Britain by the Prime Minister, William Pitt, in the 1790s when Austen wrote Pride and Prejudice.^[47]

21st century[edit]

• In 2003 the BBC conducted a poll for the «UK’s Best-Loved Book» in which Pride and Prejudice came second, behind The Lord of the Rings.^[48]
• In a 2008 survey of more than 15,000 Australian readers, Pride and Prejudice came first in a list of the 101 best books ever written.^[49]
• The 200th anniversary of Pride and Prejudice on 28 January 2013 was celebrated around the globe by media networks such as the Huffington Post, The New York Times, and The Daily Telegraph, among others.^{[50][51][52][53][54][55][56]}
• Pride and Prejudice is one of Five Books most recommended books with philosophers, literary scholars, authors and journalists citing it as an influential text.^[57]

Adaptations[edit]

Film, television and theatre[edit]

Numerous screen adaptations have contributed in popularising Pride and Prejudice.^[58] The first television adaptation of the novel, written by Michael Barry, was produced in 1938 by the BBC. It is a lost television broadcast.^[58] Some of the notable film versions include the 1940 Academy Award-winning film, starring Greer Garson and Laurence Olivier^[59] (based in part on Helen Jerome’s 1935 stage adaptation) and that of 2005, starring Keira Knightley (an Oscar-nominated performance) and Matthew Macfadyen.^[60] Notable television versions include two by the BBC: a 1980 version starring Elizabeth Garvie and David Rintoul and the popular 1995 version, starring Jennifer Ehle and Colin Firth. This also includes Bride and Prejudice and Trishna (1985 Hindi TV Series).

The stage version created by Helen Jerome premiered at the Music Box Theatre in New York in 1935, starring Adrianne Allen and Colin Keith-Johnston, and opened at the St James’s Theatre in London in 1936, starring Celia Johnson and Hugh Williams. First Impressions was a 1959 Broadway musical version starring Polly Bergen, Farley Granger, and Hermione Gingold.^[61] In 1995, a musical concept album was written by Bernard J. Taylor, with Claire Moore in the role of Elizabeth Bennet and Peter Karrie in the role of Mr Darcy.^[62] A new stage production, Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice, The New Musical, was presented in concert on 21 October 2008 in Rochester, New York, with Colin Donnell as Darcy.^[63] The Swedish composer Daniel Nelson based his 2011 opera Stolthet och fördom on Pride and Prejudice.^[64]

The Lizzie Bennet Diaries — which premiered on a dedicated YouTube channel on April 9, 2012,^[65] and concluded on March 28, 2013^[66] — is an Emmy award-winning web-series^[67] which recounts the story via vlogs recorded primarily by the Bennet sisters.^[68][69] It was created by Hank Green and Bernie Su.^[70]

Fire Island is a movie written by Joel Kim Booster that reimagines Pride and Prejudice as a gay drama set on the quintessential gay vacation destination of Fire Island. Booster describes the movie «as an unapologetic and modern twist on Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice.»^[71] The movie was released in June 2022 and features a main cast of Asian-American actors.

Literature[edit]

The novel has inspired a number of other works that are not direct adaptations. Books inspired by Pride and Prejudice include the following:

• Mr Darcy’s Daughters and The Exploits and Adventures of Miss Alethea Darcy by Elizabeth Aston
• Darcy’s Story (a best seller) and Dialogue with Darcy by Janet Aylmer
• Pemberley: Or Pride and Prejudice Continued and An Unequal Marriage: Or Pride and Prejudice Twenty Years Later by Emma Tennant
• The Book of Ruth by Helen Baker
• Jane Austen Ruined My Life and Mr. Darcy Broke My Heart by Beth Pattillo
• Precipitation – A Continuation of Miss Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice by Helen Baker
• Searching for Pemberley by Mary Simonsen
• Mr. Darcy Takes a Wife and its sequel Darcy & Elizabeth: Nights and Days at Pemberley by Linda Berdoll

In Gwyn Cready’s comedic romance novel, Seducing Mr Darcy, the heroine lands in Pride and Prejudice by way of magic massage, has a fling with Darcy and unknowingly changes the rest of the story.

Abigail Reynolds is the author of seven Regency-set variations on Pride and Prejudice. Her Pemberley Variations series includes Mr Darcy’s Obsession, To Conquer Mr Darcy, What Would Mr Darcy Do and Mr Fitzwilliam Darcy: The Last Man in the World. Her modern adaptation, The Man Who Loved Pride and Prejudice, is set on Cape Cod.^[72]

Bella Breen is the author of nine variations on Pride and Prejudice. Pride and Prejudice and Poison, Four Months to Wed, Forced to Marry and The Rescue of Elizabeth Bennet.^[73]

Helen Fielding’s 1996 novel Bridget Jones’s Diary is also based on Pride and Prejudice; the feature film of Fielding’s work, released in 2001, stars Colin Firth, who had played Mr Darcy in the successful 1990s TV adaptation.

In March 2009, Seth Grahame-Smith’s Pride and Prejudice and Zombies takes Austen’s work and mashes it up with zombie hordes, cannibalism, ninja and ultraviolent mayhem.^[74] In March 2010, Quirk Books published a prequel by Steve Hockensmith that deals with Elizabeth Bennet’s early days as a zombie hunter, Pride and Prejudice and Zombies: Dawn of the Dreadfuls.^[75] The 2016 film of Grahame-Smith’s adaptation was released starring Lily James, Sam Riley and Matt Smith.

In 2011, author Mitzi Szereto expanded on the novel in Pride and Prejudice: Hidden Lusts, a historical sex parody that parallels the original plot and writing style of Jane Austen.

Marvel has also published their take on this classic by releasing a short comic series of five issues that stays true to the original storyline. The first issue was published on 1 April 2009 and was written by Nancy Hajeski.^[76] It was published as a graphic novel in 2010 with artwork by Hugo Petrus.

Pamela Aidan is the author of a trilogy of books telling the story of Pride and Prejudice from Mr Darcy’s point of view: Fitzwilliam Darcy, Gentleman. The books are An Assembly Such as This,^[77] Duty and Desire^[78] and These Three Remain.^[79]

Detective novel author P. D. James has written a book titled Death Comes to Pemberley, which is a murder mystery set six years after Elizabeth and Darcy’s marriage.^[80]

Sandra Lerner’s sequel to Pride and Prejudice, Second Impressions, develops the story and imagined what might have happened to the original novel’s characters. It is written in the style of Austen after extensive research into the period and language and published in 2011 under the pen name of Ava Farmer.^[81]

Jo Baker’s bestselling 2013 novel Longbourn imagines the lives of the servants of Pride and Prejudice.^[82] A cinematic adaptation of Longbourn was due to start filming in late 2018, directed by Sharon Maguire, who also directed Bridget Jones’s Diary and Bridget Jones’s Baby, screenplay by Jessica Swale, produced by Random House Films and StudioCanal.^[83] The novel was also adapted for radio, appearing on BBC Radio 4’s Book at Bedtime, abridged by Sara Davies and read by Sophie Thompson. It was first broadcast in May 2014; and again on Radio 4 Extra in September 2018.^[84]

In the novel Eligible, Curtis Sittenfeld sets the characters of Pride and Prejudice in modern-day Cincinnati, where the Bennet parents, erstwhile Cincinnati social climbers, have fallen on hard times. Elizabeth, a successful and independent New York journalist, and her single older sister Jane must intervene to salvage the family’s financial situation and get their unemployed adult sisters to move out of the house and onward in life. In the process they encounter Chip Bingley, a young doctor and reluctant reality TV celebrity, and his medical school classmate, Fitzwilliam Darcy, a cynical neurosurgeon.^[85]

Pride and Prejudice has also inspired works of scientific writing. In 2010, scientists named a pheromone identified in male mouse urine darcin,^[86] after Mr Darcy, because it strongly attracted females. In 2016, a scientific paper published in the Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease speculated that Mrs Bennet may have been a carrier of a rare genetic disease, explaining why the Bennets didn’t have any sons, and why some of the Bennet sisters are so silly.^[87]

In summer 2014, Udon Entertainment’s Manga Classics line published a manga adaptation of Pride and Prejudice.^[88]

References[edit]

External links[edit]

Title page
Author	Jane Austen
Working title	First Impressions
Country	United Kingdom
Language	English
Genre	Classic Regency novel Romance novel
Set in	Hertfordshire and Derbyshire, c. 1811-12
Publisher	T. Egerton, Whitehall
Publication date	28 January 1813
Media type	Print (hardback, 3 volumes), digitalized
OCLC	38659585
Dewey Decimal	823.7
LC Class	PR4034 .P7
Preceded by	Sense and Sensibility
Followed by	Mansfield Park
Text	Pride and Prejudice at Wikisource

Pride and Prejudice is an 1813 novel of manners by Jane Austen. The novel follows the character development of Elizabeth Bennet, the dynamic protagonist of the book who learns about the repercussions of hasty judgments and comes to appreciate the difference between superficial goodness and actual goodness.

Mr. Bennet, owner of the Longbourn estate in Hertfordshire, has five daughters, but his property is entailed and can only be passed to a male heir. His wife also lacks an inheritance, so his family faces becoming poor upon his death. Thus, it is imperative that at least one of the daughters marries well to support the others, which is a motivation that drives the plot.

Pride and Prejudice has consistently appeared near the top of lists of «most-loved books» among literary scholars and the reading public. It has become one of the most popular novels in English literature, with over 20 million copies sold, and has inspired many derivatives in modern literature.^[1][2] For more than a century, dramatic adaptations, reprints, unofficial sequels, films, and TV versions of Pride and Prejudice have portrayed the memorable characters and themes of the novel, reaching mass audiences.^[3]

Plot summary[edit]

In the early 19th century, the Bennet family live at their Longbourn estate, situated near the village of Meryton in Hertfordshire, England. Mrs. Bennet’s greatest desire is to marry off her five daughters in order to secure their futures. The arrival of Mr. Bingley, a rich bachelor who rents the neighbouring Netherfield estate, gives her hope that one of her daughters might contract an advantageous marriage, because «It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife».

At a ball, the family is introduced to the Netherfield party, including Mr. Bingley, his two sisters and Mr. Darcy, his dearest friend. Mr. Bingley’s friendly and cheerful manner earns him popularity among the guests. He appears interested in Jane, the eldest Bennet daughter. Mr. Darcy, reputed to be twice as wealthy as Mr Bingley, is haughty and aloof, causing a decided dislike of him. He declines to dance with Elizabeth, the second-eldest Bennet daughter, as she is «not handsome enough». Although she jokes about it with her friend, Elizabeth is deeply offended. Despite this first impression, Mr. Darcy secretly begins to find himself drawn to Elizabeth as they continue to encounter each other at social events, appreciating her wit and frankness.

Mr. Collins, the heir to the Longbourn estate, visits the Bennet family with the intention of finding a wife among the five girls under the advice of his patroness Lady Catherine de Bourgh, also revealed to be Mr. Darcy’s aunt. He decides to pursue Elizabeth. The Bennet family meet the charming army officer George Wickham, who tells Elizabeth in confidence Mr. Darcy’s horrible past actions in his regards. Elizabeth, blinded by her prejudice toward Mr. Darcy, believes him.

Elizabeth dances with Mr. Darcy at a ball, where Mrs. Bennet hints loudly that she expects Jane and Bingley to become engaged. Elizabeth rejects Mr. Collins’ marriage proposal, to her mother’s fury and her father’s relief. Mr. Collins instead proposes to Charlotte Lucas, a friend of Elizabeth. Having heard Mrs. Bennet’s words at the ball and disapproving of the marriage, Mr. Darcy joins Mr. Bingley in a trip to London and, with the help of his sisters, convinces him not to return to Netherfield. A heartbroken Jane visits her Aunt and Uncle Gardiner in London to raise her spirits, while Elizabeth’s hatred for Mr. Darcy grows as she suspects he was responsible for Mr Bingley’s departure.

In the spring, Elizabeth visits Charlotte and Mr. Collins in Kent. Elizabeth and her hosts are invited to Rosings Park, Lady Catherine’s home. Mr. Darcy and his cousin, Colonel Fitzwilliam, are also visiting Rosings Park. Fitzwilliam tells Elizabeth how Mr. Darcy recently saved a friend, presumably Bingley, from an undesirable match. Elizabeth realises that the prevented engagement was to Jane. Mr. Darcy proposes to Elizabeth, declaring his love for her despite her low social connections. She is shocked, as she was unaware of Mr. Darcy’s interest, and rejects him angrily, saying that he is the last person she would ever marry and that she could never love a man who caused her sister such unhappiness; she further accuses him of treating Wickham unjustly. Mr. Darcy brags about his success in separating Bingley and Jane and sarcastically dismisses the accusation regarding Wickham without addressing it.

Mr. Darcy gives Elizabeth a letter, explaining that Wickham, the son of his late father’s steward, had refused the «living» his father had arranged for him and was instead given money for it. Wickham quickly squandered the money and tried to elope with Darcy’s 15-year-old sister, Georgiana, for her considerable dowry. Mr. Darcy also writes that he separated Jane and Bingley because he believed her indifferent to Bingley and because of the lack of propriety displayed by her family. Elizabeth is ashamed by her family’s behaviour and her own prejudice against Mr. Darcy.

Months later, Elizabeth accompanies the Gardiners on a tour of Derbyshire. They visit Pemberley, Darcy’s estate. When Mr. Darcy returns unexpectedly, he is exceedingly gracious with Elizabeth and the Gardiners. Elizabeth is surprised by Darcy’s behaviour and grows fond of him, even coming to regret rejecting his proposal. She receives news that her sister Lydia has run off with Wickham. She tells Mr. Darcy, then departs in haste. After an agonising interim, Wickham agrees to marry Lydia. She visits the family and tells Elizabeth that Mr. Darcy was at her wedding. Though Mr. Darcy had sworn everyone involved to secrecy, Mrs. Gardiner now feels obliged to inform Elizabeth that he secured the match, at great expense and trouble to himself.

Mr. Bingley and Mr. Darcy return to Netherfield. Jane accepts Mr. Bingley’s proposal. Lady Catherine, having heard rumours that Elizabeth intends to marry Mr. Darcy, visits her and demands she promise never to accept Mr. Darcy’s proposal, as she and Darcy’s late mother had already planned his marriage to her daughter Anne. Elizabeth refuses and asks the outraged Lady Catherine to leave. Darcy, heartened by his aunt’s indignant relaying of Elizabeth’s response, again proposes to her and is accepted.

Characters[edit]

• Elizabeth Bennet – the second-eldest of the Bennet daughters, she is attractive, witty and intelligent – but with a tendency to form tenacious and prejudiced first impressions. As the story progresses, so does her relationship with Mr Darcy. The course of Elizabeth and Darcy’s relationship is ultimately decided when Darcy overcomes his pride, and Elizabeth overcomes her prejudice, leading them both to surrender to their love for each other.
• Mr Fitzwilliam Darcy – Mr Bingley’s friend and the wealthy owner of the family estate of Pemberley in Derbyshire, rumoured to be worth at least £10,000 a year. While he is handsome, tall, and intelligent, Darcy lacks ease and social graces, and so others frequently mistake his initially haughty reserve as proof of excessive pride (which, in part, it is). A new visitor to the village, he is ultimately Elizabeth Bennet’s love interest. Though he appears to be proud and is largely disliked by people for this reason, his servants vouch for his kindness and decency.
• Mr Bennet – A logical and reasonable late-middle-aged landed gentleman of a more modest income of £2,000 per annum, and the dryly sarcastic patriarch of the now-dwindling Bennet family (a family of Hertfordshire landed gentry), with five unmarried daughters. His estate, Longbourn, is entailed to the male line. His affection for his wife wore off early in their marriage and is now reduced to mere toleration. He is often described as ‘indolent’ in the novel.
• Mrs Bennet (née Gardiner) – the middle-aged wife of her social superior, Mr Bennet, and the mother of their five daughters (Jane, Elizabeth, Mary, Catherine and Lydia). Mrs Bennet is a hypochondriac who imagines herself susceptible to attacks of tremors and palpitations (her «poor nerves») whenever things are not going her way. Her main ambition in life is to marry her daughters off to wealthy men. Whether or not any such matches will give her daughters happiness is of little concern to her. She was settled a dowry of £4,000 from her father.

• Jane Bennet – the eldest Bennet sister. She is considered the most beautiful young lady in the neighbourhood and is inclined to see only the good in others (but can be persuaded otherwise on sufficient evidence). She falls in love with Charles Bingley, a rich young gentleman recently moved to Hertfordshire and a close friend of Mr Darcy.
• Mary Bennet – the middle Bennet sister, and the plainest of her siblings. Mary has a serious disposition and mostly reads and plays music, although she is often impatient to display her accomplishments and is rather vain about them. She frequently moralises to her family. According to James Edward Austen-Leigh’s A Memoir of Jane Austen, Mary ended up marrying one of her Uncle Philips’ law clerks and moving into Meryton with him.
• Catherine «Kitty» Bennet – the fourth Bennet daughter. Though older than Lydia, she is her shadow and follows her in her pursuit of the officers of the militia. She is often portrayed as envious of Lydia and is described as a «silly» young woman. However, it is said that she improved when removed from Lydia’s influence. According to James Edward Austen-Leigh’s A Memoir of Jane Austen, Kitty later married a clergyman who lived near Pemberley.
• Lydia Bennet – the youngest Bennet sister. She is frivolous and headstrong. Her main activity in life is socialising, especially flirting with the officers of the militia. This leads to her running off with George Wickham, although he has no intention of marrying her. Lydia shows no regard for the moral code of her society; as Ashley Tauchert says, she «feels without reasoning».^[5]
• Charles Bingley – a handsome, amiable, wealthy young gentleman (a nouveau riche) from the north of England (possibly Yorkshire, as Scarborough is mentioned, and there is, in fact, a real-life town called Bingley in West Yorkshire), who leases Netherfield Park, an estate three miles from Longbourn, with the hopes of purchasing it. He is contrasted with Mr Darcy for having more generally pleasing manners, although he is reliant on his more experienced friend for advice. An example of this is the prevention of Bingley and Jane’s romance because of Bingley’s undeniable dependence on Darcy’s opinion.^[6] He lacks resolve and is easily influenced by others; his two sisters, Miss Caroline Bingley and Mrs Louisa Hurst, both disapprove of Bingley’s growing affection for Miss Jane Bennet. He inherited a fortune of £100,000.^[7]
• Caroline Bingley – the vainglorious, snobbish sister of Charles Bingley, with a fortune of £20,000. Miss Bingley harbours designs upon Mr Darcy, and therefore is jealous of his growing attachment to Elizabeth. She attempts to dissuade Mr Darcy from liking Elizabeth by ridiculing the Bennet family and criticising Elizabeth’s comportment. Miss Bingley also disapproves of her brother’s esteem for Jane Bennet, and is disdainful of society in Meryton. Her wealth (which she overspends) and her expensive education seem to be the two greatest sources of Miss Bingley’s vanity and conceit; likewise, she is very insecure about the fact that her and her family’s money all comes from trade, and is eager both for her brother to purchase an estate, elevating the Bingleys to the ranks of the gentry, and for herself to marry a landed gentleman (i.e. Mr Darcy). The dynamic between Miss Bingley and her sister, Louisa Hurst, seems to echo that of Lydia and Kitty Bennet, and of Mrs Bennet and Mrs Phillips, in that one sister of the pair is no more than a follower of the other: Caroline occupies the same position as Lydia does with Kitty, and Louisa the same position as Mrs Bennet with Mrs Phillips (though, in Louisa’s case, as she is already married, she is not under the same pressure as Caroline). Louisa is married to Mr Hurst, who has a house in Grosvenor Square, London.
• George Wickham – Wickham has been acquainted with Mr Darcy since infancy, being the son of Mr Darcy’s father’s steward. An officer in the militia, he is superficially charming and rapidly forms an attachment with Elizabeth Bennet. He later runs off with Lydia with no intention of marriage, which would have resulted in her and her family’s complete disgrace, but for Darcy’s intervention to bribe Wickham to marry her by paying off his immediate debts.
• Mr William Collins – Mr Collins is Mr Bennet’s distant second cousin, a clergyman, and the current heir presumptive to his estate of Longbourn House. He is an obsequious and pompous man, prone to making long and tedious speeches, who is excessively devoted to his patroness, Lady Catherine de Bourgh.
• Lady Catherine de Bourgh – the overbearing aunt of Mr Darcy. Lady Catherine is the wealthy owner of Rosings Park, where she resides with her daughter Anne and is fawned upon by her rector, Mr Collins. She is haughty, pompous, domineering, and condescending, and has long planned to marry off her sickly daughter to Darcy, to ‘unite their two great estates’, claiming it to be the dearest wish of both her and her late sister, Lady Anne Darcy (née Fitzwilliam).
• Mr Edward Gardiner and Mrs Gardiner – Edward Gardiner is Mrs Bennet’s brother and a successful tradesman of sensible and gentlemanly character. Aunt Gardiner is genteel and elegant and is close to her nieces Jane and Elizabeth. The Gardiners are the parents of four children. They are instrumental in bringing about the marriage between Darcy and Elizabeth.
• Georgiana Darcy – Georgiana is Mr Darcy’s quiet, amiable and shy younger sister, with a dowry of £30,000, and is aged barely 16 when the story begins. When still 15, Miss Darcy almost eloped with Mr Wickham but was saved by her brother, whom she idolises. Thanks to years of tutelage under masters, she is accomplished at the piano, singing, playing the harp, drawing, and modern languages and is therefore described as Caroline Bingley’s idea of an «accomplished woman».
• Charlotte Lucas – Charlotte is Elizabeth’s friend who, at 27 years old (and thus beyond what was then considered prime marriageable age), fears becoming a burden to her family and therefore readily agrees to marry Mr Collins to gain financial security, having seized the opportunity to claim his attentions after Elizabeth turns down his proposal. Though the novel stresses the importance of love and understanding in marriage, Austen never seems to condemn Charlotte’s decision to marry for security. She uses Charlotte to convey how women of her time would adhere to society’s expectation for women to marry even if it is not out of love, but convenience.^[8] Charlotte is the daughter of Sir William Lucas and Lady Lucas, neighbours of the Bennet family.
• Colonel Fitzwilliam – Colonel Fitzwilliam is the younger son of an earl and the nephew of Lady Catherine de Bourgh and Lady Anne Darcy; this makes him the cousin of Anne de Bourgh and the Darcy siblings, Fitzwilliam and Georgiana. He is about 30 years old at the beginning of the novel. He is the coguardian of Miss Georgiana Darcy, along with his cousin, Mr Darcy. According to Colonel Fitzwilliam, as a younger son, he cannot marry without thought to his prospective bride’s dowry.

Major themes[edit]

Many critics take the title as the start when analysing the themes of Pride and Prejudice but Robert Fox cautions against reading too much into the title (which was initially First Impressions), because commercial factors may have played a role in its selection. «After the success of Sense and Sensibility, nothing would have seemed more natural than to bring out another novel of the same author using again the formula of antithesis and alliteration for the title. The qualities of the title are not exclusively assigned to one or the other of the protagonists; both Elizabeth and Darcy display pride and prejudice.»^[9] The phrase «pride and prejudice» had been used over the preceding two centuries by Joseph Hall, Jeremy Taylor, Joseph Addison and Samuel Johnson.^[10][11] Austen probably took her title from a passage in Fanny Burney’s Cecilia (1782), a popular novel she is known to have admired:

‘The whole of this unfortunate business, said Dr Lyster, has been the result of PRIDE and PREJUDICE. […] if to PRIDE and PREJUDICE you owe your miseries, so wonderfully is good and evil balanced, that to PRIDE and PREJUDICE you will also owe their termination.’^[11][12] (capitalisation as in the original)

A theme in much of Austen’s work is the importance of environment and upbringing in developing young people’s character and morality.^[13] Social standing and wealth are not necessarily advantages in her world and a further theme common to Austen’s work is ineffectual parents. In Pride and Prejudice, the failure of Mr and Mrs Bennet as parents is blamed for Lydia’s lack of moral judgment. Darcy has been taught to be principled and scrupulously honourable but he is also proud and overbearing.^[13] Kitty, rescued from Lydia’s bad influence and spending more time with her older sisters after they marry, is said to improve greatly in their superior society.^[14] The American novelist Anna Quindlen observed in an introduction to an edition of Austen’s novel in 1995:

Pride and Prejudice is also about that thing that all great novels consider, the search for self. And it is the first great novel that teaches us this search is as surely undertaken in the drawing room making small talk as in the pursuit of a great white whale or the public punishment of adultery.^[15]

Marriage[edit]

The opening line of the novel famously announces: «It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.»^[16] This sets marriage as a motif and a problem in the novel. Readers are poised to question whether or not these single men need a wife, or if the need is dictated by the «neighbourhood» families and their daughters who require a «good fortune».

Marriage is a complex social activity that takes political and financial economy into account. In the case of Charlotte Lucas, the seeming success of her marriage lies in the comfortable financial circumstances of their household, while the relationship between Mr and Mrs Bennet serves to illustrate bad marriages based on an initial attraction and surface over substance (economic and psychological). The Bennets’ marriage is an example that the youngest Bennet, Lydia, re-enacts with Wickham and the results are far from felicitous. Although the central characters, Elizabeth and Darcy, begin the novel as hostile acquaintances and unlikely friends, they eventually work toward a better understanding of themselves and each other, which frees them to truly fall in love. This does not eliminate the challenges of the real differences in their technically-equivalent social status as gentry and their female relations. It does however provide them with a better understanding of each other’s point of view from the different ends of the rather wide scale of differences within that category.

When Elizabeth rejects Darcy’s first proposal, the argument of marrying for love is introduced. Elizabeth only accepts Darcy’s proposal when she is certain she loves him and her feelings are reciprocated.^[17] Austen’s complex sketching of different marriages ultimately allows readers to question what forms of alliance are desirable especially when it comes to privileging economic, sexual, companionate attraction.^[18]

Wealth[edit]

Money plays a fundamental role in the marriage market, for the young ladies seeking a well-off husband and for men who wish to marry a woman of means. George Wickham tries to elope with Georgiana Darcy, and Colonel Fitzwilliam states that he will marry someone with wealth. Marrying a woman of a rich family also ensured a linkage to a higher-class family, as is visible in the desires of Bingley’s sisters to have their brother married to Georgiana Darcy. Mrs Bennet is frequently seen encouraging her daughters to marry a wealthy man of high social class. In chapter 1, when Mr Bingley arrives, she declares «I am thinking of his marrying one of them».^[19]

Inheritance was by descent but could be further restricted by entailment, which in the case of the Longbourn estate restricted inheritance to male heirs only. In the case of the Bennet family, Mr Collins was to inherit the family estate upon Mr Bennet’s death in the absence of any closer male heirs, and his proposal to Elizabeth would have ensured her security; but she refuses his offer. Inheritance laws benefited males because married women did not have independent legal rights until the second half of the 19th century. For the upper-middle and aristocratic classes, marriage to a man with a reliable income was almost the only route to security for the woman and the children she was to have.^[20] The irony of the opening line is that generally within this society it would be a woman who would be looking for a wealthy husband to have a prosperous life.^[21]

Class[edit]

Austen might be known now for her «romances» but the marriages in her novels engage with economics and class distinction. Pride and Prejudice is hardly the exception. When Darcy proposes to Elizabeth, he cites their economic and social differences as an obstacle his excessive love has had to overcome, though he still anxiously harps on the problems it poses for him within his social circle. His aunt, Lady Catherine, later characterises these differences in particularly harsh terms when she conveys what Elizabeth’s marriage to Darcy will become, «Will the shades of Pemberley be thus polluted?» Although Elizabeth responds to Lady Catherine’s accusations that hers is a potentially contaminating economic and social position (Elizabeth even insists she and Darcy, as gentleman’s daughter and gentleman, are «equals»), Lady Catherine refuses to accept the possibility of Darcy’s marriage to Elizabeth. However, as the novel closes, «…through curiosity to see how his wife conducted herself», Lady Catherine condescends to visit them at Pemberley.^[22]

The Bingleys present a particular problem for navigating class. Though Caroline Bingley and Mrs Hurst behave and speak of others as if they have always belonged in the upper echelons of society, Austen makes it clear that the Bingley fortunes stem from trade. The fact that Bingley rents Netherfield Hall – it is, after all, «to let» – distinguishes him significantly from Darcy, whose estate belonged to his father’s family and through his mother, is the grandson and nephew of an earl. Bingley, unlike Darcy, does not own his property but has portable and growing wealth that makes him a good catch on the marriage market for poorer daughters of the gentry, like Jane Bennet, or of ambitious merchants. Class plays a central role in the evolution of the characters and Jane Austen’s radical approach to class is seen as the plot unfolds.^[23]

An undercurrent of the old Anglo-Norman upper class is hinted at in the story, as suggested by the names of Fitzwilliam Darcy and his aunt, Lady Catherine de Bourgh; Fitzwilliam, D’Arcy, de Bourgh (Burke), and even Bennet, are traditional Norman surnames.^[24]

Self-knowledge[edit]

Through their interactions and their critiques of each other, Darcy and Elizabeth come to recognise their faults and work to correct them. Elizabeth meditates on her own mistakes thoroughly in chapter 36:

«How despicably have I acted!» she cried; «I, who have prided myself on my discernment! I, who have valued myself on my abilities! who have often disdained the generous candour of my sister, and gratified my vanity in useless or blameable distrust. How humiliating is this discovery! yet, how just a humiliation! Had I been in love, I could not have been more wretchedly blind. But vanity, not love, has been my folly. Pleased with the preference of one, and offended by the neglect of the other, on the very beginning of our acquaintance, I have courted prepossession and ignorance, and driven reason away, where either were concerned. Till this moment I never knew myself.»^[25]

Other characters rarely exhibit this depth of understanding or at least are not given the space within the novel for this sort of development. Tanner writes that Mrs Bennet in particular, «has a very limited view of the requirements of that performance; lacking any introspective tendencies she is incapable of appreciating the feelings of others and is only aware of material objects».^[26] Mrs Bennet’s behaviour reflects the society in which she lives, as she knows that her daughters will not succeed if they do not get married. «The business of her life was to get her daughters married: its solace was visiting and news.»^[27] This shows that Mrs Bennet is only aware of «material objects» and not of her feelings and emotions.^[28] A notable exception is Charlotte Lucas, Elizabeth Bennet’s close friend and confidant. She accepts Mr Collins’s proposal of marriage once Lizzie rejects him, not out of sentiment but acute awareness of her circumstances as «one of a large family». Charlotte’s decision is reflective of her prudent nature and awareness.

Style[edit]

Pride and Prejudice, like most of Austen’s works, employs the narrative technique of free indirect speech, which has been defined as «the free representation of a character’s speech, by which one means, not words actually spoken by a character, but the words that typify the character’s thoughts, or the way the character would think or speak, if she thought or spoke».^[29] Austen creates her characters with fully developed personalities and unique voices. Though Darcy and Elizabeth are very alike, they are also considerably different.^[30] By using narrative that adopts the tone and vocabulary of a particular character (in this case, Elizabeth), Austen invites the reader to follow events from Elizabeth’s viewpoint, sharing her prejudices and misapprehensions. «The learning curve, while undergone by both protagonists, is disclosed to us solely through Elizabeth’s point of view and her free indirect speech is essential … for it is through it that we remain caught, if not stuck, within Elizabeth’s misprisions.»^[29] The few times the reader is allowed to gain further knowledge of another character’s feelings, is through the letters exchanged in this novel. Darcy’s first letter to Elizabeth is an example of this as through his letter, the reader and Elizabeth are both given knowledge of Wickham’s true character. Austen is known to use irony throughout the novel especially from viewpoint of the character of Elizabeth Bennet. She conveys the «oppressive rules of femininity that actually dominate her life and work, and are covered by her beautifully carved trojan horse of ironic distance.»^[5] Beginning with a historical investigation of the development of a particular literary form and then transitioning into empirical verifications, it reveals free indirect discourse as a tool that emerged over time as practical means for addressing the physical distinctness of minds. Seen in this way, free indirect discourse is a distinctly literary response to an environmental concern, providing a scientific justification that does not reduce literature to a mechanical extension of biology, but takes its value to be its own original form.^[31]

Development of the novel[edit]

Austen began writing the novel after staying at Goodnestone Park in Kent with her brother Edward and his wife in 1796.^[32] It was originally titled First Impressions, and was written between October 1796 and August 1797.^[33] On 1 November 1797 Austen’s father sent a letter to London bookseller Thomas Cadell to ask if he had any interest in seeing the manuscript, but the offer was declined by return post.^[34] The militia were mobilised after the French declaration of war on Britain in February 1793, and there was initially a lack of barracks for all the militia regiments, requiring the militia to set up huge camps in the countryside, which the novel refers to several times.^[35] The Brighton camp for which the militia regiment leaves in May after spending the winter in Meryton was opened in August 1793, and the barracks for all the regiments of the militia were completed by 1796, placing the events of the novel between 1793 and 1795.^[36]

Austen made significant revisions to the manuscript for First Impressions between 1811 and 1812.^[33] As nothing remains of the original manuscript, we are reduced to conjecture. From the large number of letters in the final novel, it is assumed that First Impressions was an epistolary novel.^[37] She later renamed the story Pride and Prejudice around 1811/1812, when she sold the rights to publish the manuscript to Thomas Egerton for £110^[38] (equivalent to £7,800 in 2021). In renaming the novel, Austen probably had in mind the «sufferings and oppositions» summarised in the final chapter of Fanny Burney’s Cecilia, called «Pride and Prejudice», where the phrase appears three times in block capitals.^[13] It is possible that the novel’s original title was altered to avoid confusion with other works. In the years between the completion of First Impressions and its revision into Pride and Prejudice, two other works had been published under that name: a novel by Margaret Holford and a comedy by Horace Smith.^[34]

Publication history[edit]

Austen sold the copyright for the novel to Thomas Egerton from the Military Library, Whitehall in exchange for £110 (Austen had asked for £150).^[39] This proved a costly decision. Austen had published Sense and Sensibility on a commission basis, whereby she indemnified the publisher against any losses and received any profits, less costs and the publisher’s commission. Unaware that Sense and Sensibility would sell out its edition, making her £140,^[34] she passed the copyright to Egerton for a one-off payment, meaning that all the risk (and all the profits) would be his. Jan Fergus has calculated that Egerton subsequently made around £450 from just the first two editions of the book.^[40]

Egerton published the first edition of Pride and Prejudice in three hardcover volumes on 28 January 1813.^[41] It was advertised in The Morning Chronicle, priced at 18s.^[33] Favourable reviews saw this edition sold out, with a second edition published in October that year. A third edition was published in 1817.^[39]

Foreign language translations first appeared in 1813 in French; subsequent translations were published in German, Danish, and Swedish.^[42] Pride and Prejudice was first published in the United States in August 1832 as Elizabeth Bennet or, Pride and Prejudice.^[39] The novel was also included in Richard Bentley’s Standard Novel series in 1833. R. W. Chapman’s scholarly edition of Pride and Prejudice, first published in 1923, has become the standard edition on which many modern published versions of the novel are based.^[39]

The novel was originally published anonymously, as were all of Austen’s novels. However, whereas her first published novel, Sense and Sensibility was presented as being written «by a Lady,» Pride and Prejudice was attributed to «the Author of Sense and Sensibility«. This began to consolidate a conception of Austen as an author, albeit anonymously. Her subsequent novels were similarly attributed to the anonymous author of all her then-published works.

Reception[edit]

At first publication[edit]

The novel was well received, with three favourable reviews in the first months following publication.^[40] Anne Isabella Milbanke, later to be the wife of Lord Byron, called it «the fashionable novel».^[40] Noted critic and reviewer George Henry Lewes declared that he «would rather have written Pride and Prejudice, or Tom Jones, than any of the Waverley Novels».^[43]

Charlotte Brontë, however, in a letter to Lewes, wrote that Pride and Prejudice was a disappointment, «a carefully fenced, highly cultivated garden, with neat borders and delicate flowers; but … no open country, no fresh air, no blue hill, no bonny beck».^[43][44]

Austen for her part thought the «playfulness and epigrammaticism» of Pride and Prejudice was excessive, complaining in a letter to her sister Cassandra in 1813 that the novel lacked «shade» and should have had a chapter «of solemn specious nonsense, about something unconnected with the story; an essay on writing, a critique on Walter Scott or the history of Buonaparté».^[45]

Walter Scott wrote in his journal, «Read again and for the third time at least, Miss Austen’s very finely written novel of Pride and Prejudice.»^[46]

20th century[edit]

The American scholar Claudia L. Johnson defended the novel from the criticism that it has an unrealistic fairy-tale quality.^[47] One critic, Mary Poovey, wrote that the «romantic conclusion» of Pride and Prejudice is an attempt to hedge the conflict between the «individualistic perspective inherent in the bourgeois value system and the authoritarian hierarchy retained from traditional, paternalistic society».^[47] Johnson wrote that Austen’s view of a power structure capable of reformation was not an «escape» from conflict.^[47] Johnson wrote the «outrageous unconventionality» of Elizabeth Bennet was in Austen’s own time very daring, especially given the strict censorship that was imposed in Britain by the Prime Minister, William Pitt, in the 1790s when Austen wrote Pride and Prejudice.^[47]

21st century[edit]

• In 2003 the BBC conducted a poll for the «UK’s Best-Loved Book» in which Pride and Prejudice came second, behind The Lord of the Rings.^[48]
• In a 2008 survey of more than 15,000 Australian readers, Pride and Prejudice came first in a list of the 101 best books ever written.^[49]
• The 200th anniversary of Pride and Prejudice on 28 January 2013 was celebrated around the globe by media networks such as the Huffington Post, The New York Times, and The Daily Telegraph, among others.^{[50][51][52][53][54][55][56]}
• Pride and Prejudice is one of Five Books most recommended books with philosophers, literary scholars, authors and journalists citing it as an influential text.^[57]

Adaptations[edit]

Film, television and theatre[edit]

Numerous screen adaptations have contributed in popularising Pride and Prejudice.^[58] The first television adaptation of the novel, written by Michael Barry, was produced in 1938 by the BBC. It is a lost television broadcast.^[58] Some of the notable film versions include the 1940 Academy Award-winning film, starring Greer Garson and Laurence Olivier^[59] (based in part on Helen Jerome’s 1935 stage adaptation) and that of 2005, starring Keira Knightley (an Oscar-nominated performance) and Matthew Macfadyen.^[60] Notable television versions include two by the BBC: a 1980 version starring Elizabeth Garvie and David Rintoul and the popular 1995 version, starring Jennifer Ehle and Colin Firth. This also includes Bride and Prejudice and Trishna (1985 Hindi TV Series).

The stage version created by Helen Jerome premiered at the Music Box Theatre in New York in 1935, starring Adrianne Allen and Colin Keith-Johnston, and opened at the St James’s Theatre in London in 1936, starring Celia Johnson and Hugh Williams. First Impressions was a 1959 Broadway musical version starring Polly Bergen, Farley Granger, and Hermione Gingold.^[61] In 1995, a musical concept album was written by Bernard J. Taylor, with Claire Moore in the role of Elizabeth Bennet and Peter Karrie in the role of Mr Darcy.^[62] A new stage production, Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice, The New Musical, was presented in concert on 21 October 2008 in Rochester, New York, with Colin Donnell as Darcy.^[63] The Swedish composer Daniel Nelson based his 2011 opera Stolthet och fördom on Pride and Prejudice.^[64]

The Lizzie Bennet Diaries — which premiered on a dedicated YouTube channel on April 9, 2012,^[65] and concluded on March 28, 2013^[66] — is an Emmy award-winning web-series^[67] which recounts the story via vlogs recorded primarily by the Bennet sisters.^[68][69] It was created by Hank Green and Bernie Su.^[70]

Fire Island is a movie written by Joel Kim Booster that reimagines Pride and Prejudice as a gay drama set on the quintessential gay vacation destination of Fire Island. Booster describes the movie «as an unapologetic and modern twist on Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice.»^[71] The movie was released in June 2022 and features a main cast of Asian-American actors.

Literature[edit]

The novel has inspired a number of other works that are not direct adaptations. Books inspired by Pride and Prejudice include the following:

• Mr Darcy’s Daughters and The Exploits and Adventures of Miss Alethea Darcy by Elizabeth Aston
• Darcy’s Story (a best seller) and Dialogue with Darcy by Janet Aylmer
• Pemberley: Or Pride and Prejudice Continued and An Unequal Marriage: Or Pride and Prejudice Twenty Years Later by Emma Tennant
• The Book of Ruth by Helen Baker
• Jane Austen Ruined My Life and Mr. Darcy Broke My Heart by Beth Pattillo
• Precipitation – A Continuation of Miss Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice by Helen Baker
• Searching for Pemberley by Mary Simonsen
• Mr. Darcy Takes a Wife and its sequel Darcy & Elizabeth: Nights and Days at Pemberley by Linda Berdoll

In Gwyn Cready’s comedic romance novel, Seducing Mr Darcy, the heroine lands in Pride and Prejudice by way of magic massage, has a fling with Darcy and unknowingly changes the rest of the story.

Abigail Reynolds is the author of seven Regency-set variations on Pride and Prejudice. Her Pemberley Variations series includes Mr Darcy’s Obsession, To Conquer Mr Darcy, What Would Mr Darcy Do and Mr Fitzwilliam Darcy: The Last Man in the World. Her modern adaptation, The Man Who Loved Pride and Prejudice, is set on Cape Cod.^[72]

Bella Breen is the author of nine variations on Pride and Prejudice. Pride and Prejudice and Poison, Four Months to Wed, Forced to Marry and The Rescue of Elizabeth Bennet.^[73]

Helen Fielding’s 1996 novel Bridget Jones’s Diary is also based on Pride and Prejudice; the feature film of Fielding’s work, released in 2001, stars Colin Firth, who had played Mr Darcy in the successful 1990s TV adaptation.

In March 2009, Seth Grahame-Smith’s Pride and Prejudice and Zombies takes Austen’s work and mashes it up with zombie hordes, cannibalism, ninja and ultraviolent mayhem.^[74] In March 2010, Quirk Books published a prequel by Steve Hockensmith that deals with Elizabeth Bennet’s early days as a zombie hunter, Pride and Prejudice and Zombies: Dawn of the Dreadfuls.^[75] The 2016 film of Grahame-Smith’s adaptation was released starring Lily James, Sam Riley and Matt Smith.

In 2011, author Mitzi Szereto expanded on the novel in Pride and Prejudice: Hidden Lusts, a historical sex parody that parallels the original plot and writing style of Jane Austen.

Marvel has also published their take on this classic by releasing a short comic series of five issues that stays true to the original storyline. The first issue was published on 1 April 2009 and was written by Nancy Hajeski.^[76] It was published as a graphic novel in 2010 with artwork by Hugo Petrus.

Pamela Aidan is the author of a trilogy of books telling the story of Pride and Prejudice from Mr Darcy’s point of view: Fitzwilliam Darcy, Gentleman. The books are An Assembly Such as This,^[77] Duty and Desire^[78] and These Three Remain.^[79]

Detective novel author P. D. James has written a book titled Death Comes to Pemberley, which is a murder mystery set six years after Elizabeth and Darcy’s marriage.^[80]

Sandra Lerner’s sequel to Pride and Prejudice, Second Impressions, develops the story and imagined what might have happened to the original novel’s characters. It is written in the style of Austen after extensive research into the period and language and published in 2011 under the pen name of Ava Farmer.^[81]

Jo Baker’s bestselling 2013 novel Longbourn imagines the lives of the servants of Pride and Prejudice.^[82] A cinematic adaptation of Longbourn was due to start filming in late 2018, directed by Sharon Maguire, who also directed Bridget Jones’s Diary and Bridget Jones’s Baby, screenplay by Jessica Swale, produced by Random House Films and StudioCanal.^[83] The novel was also adapted for radio, appearing on BBC Radio 4’s Book at Bedtime, abridged by Sara Davies and read by Sophie Thompson. It was first broadcast in May 2014; and again on Radio 4 Extra in September 2018.^[84]

In the novel Eligible, Curtis Sittenfeld sets the characters of Pride and Prejudice in modern-day Cincinnati, where the Bennet parents, erstwhile Cincinnati social climbers, have fallen on hard times. Elizabeth, a successful and independent New York journalist, and her single older sister Jane must intervene to salvage the family’s financial situation and get their unemployed adult sisters to move out of the house and onward in life. In the process they encounter Chip Bingley, a young doctor and reluctant reality TV celebrity, and his medical school classmate, Fitzwilliam Darcy, a cynical neurosurgeon.^[85]

Pride and Prejudice has also inspired works of scientific writing. In 2010, scientists named a pheromone identified in male mouse urine darcin,^[86] after Mr Darcy, because it strongly attracted females. In 2016, a scientific paper published in the Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease speculated that Mrs Bennet may have been a carrier of a rare genetic disease, explaining why the Bennets didn’t have any sons, and why some of the Bennet sisters are so silly.^[87]

In summer 2014, Udon Entertainment’s Manga Classics line published a manga adaptation of Pride and Prejudice.^[88]

References[edit]

External links[edit]

Глава 1

В целом мире не сыскать безумца, который решился бы оспорить тот факт, что богатый холостяк непременно должен находиться в постоянном поиске спутницы жизни.

Разумеется, бесспорно и то, что такой холостяк вполне может пребывать в полном неведении относительно своего счастливого положения; однако каждый раз, поселяясь в новом месте, он весьма скоро обнаруживает, что взгляды отцов соседствующих семейств преисполнены участливого понимания, а их жены — матери многочисленных дочерей на выданье — поглядывают на нового члена общества с плохо скрываемым чувством собственничества.

— Дорогой мистер Беннет, — прекрасным днем обращается приятная леди к своему супругу, — вы уже слышали о том, что Незерфилд-Парк наконец-то сдали?

Мистер Беннет отвечает односложно и отрицательно.

— Однако это так, — почти раздраженно парирует дама. — Миссис Лонг только что оттуда, и она обо всем мне рассказала.

Мистер Беннет не отвечает вовсе.

— Неужели вам не хочется знать, кто его снял? — нетерпеливо взвизгивает приятная леди.

— Это вам хочется об этом мне рассказать, тем более что я ничего не имею против.

Намек сходит за любезность.

— Право, голубчик, вам следует об этом знать, потому что миссис Лонг уверяет, будто в Незерфилде обосновался молодой человек с очень солидным капиталом откуда-то с севера Англии. Он приехал сюда в понедельник. Представляете, проезжая мимо наших мест в почтовой карете, он был настолько очарован усадьбой, что немедленно разыскал мистера Морриса, и они практически тут же ударили по рукам; так что он вступит во владение еще до Михайлова дня. А к концу следующей недели ожидается приезд его челяди.

— Как, вы говорите, его зовут?

— Бингли.

— Он холост или женат?

— О! Дорогой мой, он холостяк, это точно! Неженатый баснословно богатый мужчина. У него годовой доход — четыре или пять тысяч! Какая блестящая партия для наших девочек!

— Простите, но какое отношение он имеет к ним?

— Мой дорогой мистер Беннет, — капая ядом, вздыхает его жена, — как же вы бываете порой утомительны! Неужели для вас новость то, что я как раз подыскиваю подходящую партию для наших крошек?

— Это, его цель приезда в наши места?

— Цель! — фыркнула мадам. — Что за чепуху вы, право, городите! Просто никто не может поручиться за то, что он не влюбится в одну из наших малюток; а посему, как только мистер Бингли окончательно у нас обоснуется, вы должны будете нанести ему визит.

— Не вижу для этого повода. Девочки вместе с вами, конечно, могут поехать, а еще лучше, если они отправятся с визитом одни: по красоте, миледи, вы ничуть им не уступаете, и мистер Бингли, чего доброго, выберет себе не тот предмет обожания.

— Друг мой, да вы льстец! В прежние годы у меня, разумеется, было определенное очарование, однако нынче я не претендую на что-то из ряда вон выходящее. Женщина, имеющая пятерых взрослых дочерей, к несчастью, вынуждена забыть о красоте.

— В таких случаях, как ваш, редкая женщина имеет достаточно красоты, чтобы вообще о ней задумываться.

— Однако, мой дорогой, я настаиваю на том, чтобы вы навестили мистера Бингли сразу же, как только он приедет в поместье.

— Уверяю вас, это совершенно неудобно.

— Тогда вспомните о ваших дочерях. Только представьте, какое положение в обществе смогла бы обрести одна из них. Сэр Уильям и леди Лукас, кстати, твердо намерены проделать этот небольшой вояж, и смею вас заверить, что причина их радушия весьма схожа с нашей; как вы знаете, обычно они не посещают неизвестно кого. Вы действительно обязаны поехать, потому что раньше вас мы этого сделать не сможем.

— Мадам, мне кажется, вы чрезмерно щепетильны. Рискну предположить, что мистер Бингли будет очень рад с вами познакомиться. Кстати, вместе с вами я смогу передать ему записку — так, пустячок, пару строчек, в которых я напишу, что заранее искренне одобряю его предложение о браке с любой, которая ему приглянется. Хотя, пожалуй, мне следует отдельно замолвить словечко о крошке Лиззи.

— Я категорически против подобных выходок. Лиззи ничуть не лучше остальных. Более того, я просто уверена, что она вдвое уступает по красоте Джейн и по чувству юмора — Лидии. Странно, что при этом она неизменно пользуется у вас особым расположением.

— Уж если так, то ни одна из них не может похвастаться чем-нибудь мало-мальски выдающимся, — сухо отрезал уязвленный супруг. — Все они как на подбор глупы и невежественны; и если Лиззи что-то и выделяет из общего ряда, то это некоторая расторопность по сравнению с остальными сестрами.

— Мистер Беннет, да как вы можете оскорблять собственных детей столь бесцеремонным образом? Похоже, вам доставляет особое наслаждение понапрасну сердить меня! Вам совсем не жаль моих бедных нервов…

— Вы неправильно меня истолковали, сударыня. Поверьте, я глубоко уважаю и чту ваши бедные нервы. У меня с ними давняя дружба. По крайней мере, последние лет двадцать я только и делаю что проникаюсь к ним сочувствием вместе с вами.

— Ах, где вам понять, что творится у меня на душе!

— Надеюсь, вы все же справитесь с сердечной скорбью и переживете еще множество молодых людей с четырьмя тысячами в год, которые поселятся у нас по соседству.

— Боюсь, что нам от этого не будет никакого толку, поскольку вы упорно отказываетесь навещать ваших новых соседей.

— Поверьте мне на слово, дорогая, что, как только их действительно наберется так много, я почту за честь познакомиться со всеми до единого.

Следует заметить, что в мистере Беннете настолько невообразимым образом смешались и переплелись моментальные решения, едкий сарказм, чувство выдержки и слабость к капризам, что долгие двадцать три года под одной крышей были не в силах хоть сколько-нибудь приблизить его жену к пониманию странного характера супруга. Миссис Беннет мыслила гораздо проще: она была дамой неинформированной, с неопределенным типом темперамента и затруднённым пониманием окружающей действительности. Будучи не в духе, она воображала себя натурой нервной и ранимой. Делом ее жизни стало удачное замужество дочерей, а утехой — визиты и сплетни.

Глава 2

Таким образом, в длинном ряду тех, кто с нетерпением ожидал приезда мистера Бингли, мистер Беннет занял свое почетное место одним из первых. Втайне он ни секунды не колебался в своем желании нанести соседу визит. Несмотря на это, его супруге до самой последней минуты приходилось выслушивать заверения своей половины в полной невозможности встречи. Коварство благоверного открылось в манере весьма вольной. Наблюдая за тем, как вторая по счету дочь сосредоточенно сощипывает итальянскую соломку со шляпки, мистер Беннет совершенно неожиданно для семейства позволил себе следующее замечание:

— Надеюсь, Лиззи, мистеру Бингли это понравится.

— Мы вряд ли когда-либо узнаем, чт( нравится мистеру Бингли вообще, — обиженно буркнула миссис Беннет, — поскольку наш визит к нему так и не состоится.

— Неужели вы забыли, мама, — заметила Элизабет, оторвавшись, наконец, от шляпки, — что мы встретимся с ним в собрании? Его обещала представить миссис Лонг.

— Ничто на свете не заставит меня поверить в то, что миссис Лонг сделает что-нибудь подобное. У нее самой две племянницы на выданье. И вообще она лицемерная эгоистка. Лично я о ней весьма невысокого мнения.

— Полностью с вами согласен, мадам, — ухватился за мысль мистер Беннет. — Трудно описать мою радость оттого, что вы ни в коей мере не собираетесь злоупотреблять услугами миссис Лонг.

Колкость супруга ответа не удостоилась; тем не менее, чувства так и бушевали внутри миссис Беннет, и поэтому она с энтузиазмом принялась браниться, выбрав в качестве объекта одну из собственных дочерей.

— Ах, ради всего святого, Китти, прекрати же, наконец, так кашлять! Прояви хоть чуточку сострадания к моим несчастным нервам. Ты ведь рвешь их на части.

— В кашле Китти не было злого умысла, мадам, — вступился за девочку родитель. — Это всего лишь вопрос неудачного выбора времени.

— Я кашляю вовсе не оттого, что мне больше нечем заняться, — капризно хмыкнула девица.

— На какой день назначен следующий бал, Лиззи? — поинтересовался мистер Беннет.

— Ровно через две недели.

— Вот именно! — не преминула воскликнуть мать. — А миссис Лонг собиралась вернуться только накануне. Таким образом, она не сможет его нам представить, потому что не успеет быть представлена мистеру Бингли сама.

— Тогда, дорогая, вы можете поменяться с вашей приятельницей ролями и представить мистеру Бингли ее.

— Ах, мистер Беннет, это решительно невозможно, поскольку я с ним не знакома. Вы определенно наслаждаетесь тем, что вечно мне досаждаете.

— Сударыня, как я ценю вашу осмотрительность! Конечно же, для знакомства срок в две недели — сущий пустяк. Совершенно невозможно решить, что собой представляет человек, если знаешь его всего две недели. Но с другой стороны, если не рискнем мы, то это могут сделать другие. Мне кажется, миссис Лонг со своими племянницами своего шанса не упустит. Таким образом, ваша подруга сочтет ваш отказ от решительных действий жестом доброй воли; и мне не остается ничего иного, как взять инициативу в свои руки.

Девушки изумленно уставились на отца. Миссис Беннет, едва совладав с чувствами, сумела вымолвить лишь:

— Чепуха, какая чепуха!

— Мадам, что значит сие громкое восклицание? — воскликнул в свою очередь мистер Беннет. — Неужели вы всерьез хотите сказать, что считаете церемонию представления и соблюдение всех приличествующих в этом деле формальностей чепухой? Боюсь, в этом я с вами согласиться не могу. А что на это скажешь ты, Мэри? Ты ведь слывешь юной леди, известной своим благоразумием, насколько я слышал, да к тому же читаешь умные книги и делаешь из них выписки.

Мэри в эту минуту захотелось произнести фразу, исполненную самого похвального смысла, но она и понятия не имела, как это сделать.

— Пока Мэри собирается с мыслями, — продолжил родитель, — давайте вернемся к мистеру Бингли.

— Я до смерти устала от этого мистера Бингли, — фыркнула миссис Беннет.

— Мне очень жаль слышать об этом; но почему же вы молчали раньше? Если бы я узнал ваше отношение к нему нынче утром, то ни за что не стал бы его навещать. Это очень печально; но, поскольку я уже нанес ему визит, вам не удастся избежать знакомства.

Изумлению его спутниц, а особенно миссис Беннет, не было предела; и именно этого он и добивался. Когда улеглась первая волна радостной суматохи, мать семейства гордо заявила, что с первой же минуты знала обо всем.

— Как это мило с вашей стороны, любезный мой мистер Беннет! Я с самого начала знала, что вы внемлете моему голосу и голосу разума. Я была уверена, что ваша любовь к девочкам столь велика, что вы не в силах пренебречь подобным знакомством. Господи, как же я рада! И сколько юмора вы обнаружили сегодня утром! И сколько в вас самообладания — ни словом не обмолвиться до последнего!

— А теперь, Китти, ты можешь кашлять сколько угодно, — беззаботно заявил мистер Беннет и, утомленный бурным восторгом супруги, покинул комнату.

— Девочки, какой замечательный у вас отец, — вздохнула миссис Беннет, едва только закрылась за ним дверь. — Даже не представляю, как вы сможете отблагодарить его за доброту. И меня, кстати, тоже. В наши с ним годы, доложу я вам, не особенно-то приятно каждый день заводить новые знакомства; но ради вас мы готовы терпеть любые лишения. Лидия, золотко, хоть ты у нас и самая младшая, я уверена, мистер Бингли на следующем балу будет танцевать именно с тобой.

— О! — несколько агрессивно воскликнула малютка, — я этого нисколечко не боюсь. Пусть я и самая младшая, я все же самая высокая из сестер.

Конец вечера был насыщен догадками о дате ответного визита Бингли и планами относительно совместного ужина, а посему время пролетело почти незаметно.

Глава 3

Сколько ни билась миссис Беннет со своим несговорчивым супругом, сколько ни взывала она к помощи всех своих пятерых дочерей, ничего существенного о внешности мистера Бингли им узнать так и не довелось. Атаки на мистера Беннета проходили по всем законам военной науки. Дамы использовали полный арсенал, состоявший из прямых вопросов, искусных предположений и смутных догадок; однако во всем мире не нашлось бы такой хитрости, которая заставила бы пошатнуться нерушимые бастионы родителя. Так и не добившись победы, женщинам пришлось довольствоваться донесениями соседствующей агентуры в лице леди Лукас. Рапорт этой почтенной дамы, бесспорно, внушал оптимизм. Молодой человек понравился и сэру Уильяму. Очаровательный, юный, да к тому же беспредельно милый. Кроме того, он был намерен на предстоящем балу посетить собрание. Что может быть приятнее! Увлечение танцами, несомненно, является первым шагом на пути к страстной любви, поэтому намерения Бингли относительно вечеринки заставили встрепенуться не одно женское сердце.

— Если бы только я могла порадоваться за одну из наших девочек, которая счастливо обоснуется в Незерфилде, — вещала супругу миссис Беннет, — и удачно выдать замуж остальных крошек, тогда мне, пожалуй, и желать было бы больше нечего.

Через пару дней мистер Бингли случился с ответным визитом к мистеру Беннету. Целых десять минут мужчины просидели в библиотеке. Несмотря на высказанные молодым человеком надежды лицезреть юных леди, о красоте которых не смолкая судачила якобы вся округа, его взору приходилось довольствоваться лишь видом родителя знаменитых барышень. Кстати, самим красоткам повезло куда больше: воспользовавшись занятыми высотами в мезонине, они сумели детально рассмотреть синий плащ и черную кобылу посетителя.

В спешном порядке послали приглашение на ужин. Миссис Беннет спланировала порядок подачи блюд самым тщательным образом, дабы продемонстрировать собственный талант домохозяйки, достойной всяческих похвал, как вдруг прибыл ответ от виновника хлопот, на корню убивший радужные планы семейства. Дела заставили мистера Бингли рано утром отправиться в город на целый день; а посему он с сожалением был вынужден отклонить приглашение, сделавшее ему столько чести, и пр., пр., пр. Миссис Беннет впала в замешательство. Она ума не могла приложить, какие могут быть дела в городе у молодого человека, только что поселившегося в Хертфордшире. В сердце ее закралась тревога: уж не привык ли этот повеса порхать с места на место и не жить, как все добропорядочные джентльмены, оседло? Но вскоре леди Лукас удалось сбить пламя в душе миссис Беннет. Она высказала предположение, что мистер Бингли, наверняка, отправился в Лондон только для того, чтобы лично вручить приглашения на бал. Почти сразу вслед за этим, по тихому, в общем-то околотку, вихрем пронеслись сплетни, в которых мистер Бингли собирался привезти с собой из столицы целую дюжину дам и человек семь джентльменов. Количество спутниц мистера Бингли местных девушек смутило и заставило насупиться; однако канун бала принес с собой утешительные вести: вместо двенадцати леди с ним прибыло только шесть, да и те — пять его родных сестер и одна кузина. Когда же все общество заполнило зал, в компании молодого человека ревнивые глаза насчитали всего пятерых вместе с ним самим: мистер Бингли, две его сестры, муж самой старшей и неизвестный юноша.

Мистер Бингли был безупречен: цвет кожи поражал свежестью, а манеры — непринужденностью. Сестры его также оказались дамами достойными. Каждая обнаружила бездну вкуса и стиля. Его зять, мистер Херст, выглядел почти как джентльмен. Тем не менее, внимание всего собрания вскоре оказалось сосредоточено на приятеле мистера Бингли — восхитительном высоком красавце, несомненно, знатного происхождения по имени мистер Дарси. Уже через десять минут, после того как он вошел в зал, среди гостей пронеслось известие о том, что этот молодой бог имеет десять тысяч в год. Все джентльмены отметили стройность его фигуры, а дамы как одна сошлись во мнении, что он гораздо симпатичней самого мистера Бингли. Почти полвечера местные прелестницы посылали ему взгляды, полные обожания, пока манеры этого красавца не заставили общество замереть в ужасе и отвращении: он оказался гордецом, поставившим себя выше компании; и это тут же лишило его недавней оглушительной популярности. Теперь даже несметные его владения в Дербишире не могли разубедить гостей в том, что внешность у него почти отталкивающая и что он совсем не достоин своего друга.

Сам мистер Бингли времени не терял и вскоре познакомился со всеми, с кем стоило познакомиться. Он был весел и легок на подъем, не пропускал ни единого танца, досадовал на быстротечность бала и заверял соседей в том, что непременно устроит вечеринку в собственном доме, в Незерфилде. Такой очаровательный стиль поведения говорил сам за себя. Какой разительный контраст между ним и его другом! Мистер Дарси один только раз пригласил на котильон миссис Херст и один раз прошел круг с мисс Бингли. В манерах его явно сквозило желание укрыться от новых знакомств. Остаток вечера он провел, разгуливая по залу и изредка перебрасываясь парой слов с кем-нибудь из собственного окружения. Его репутация вылепилась и отвердела. Он стал самым несносным и нелюбезным мужчиной в мире; и всякий счел своим долгом высказать предположение, что больше ему никогда не доведется встретиться с этим Дарси снова. Среди тех, кто занял особенно жесткую позицию, оказалась миссис Беннет; тяжкое впечатление от заносчивости юноши безмерно обострилось и переросло в плохо скрываемое негодование по поводу того, что молодой нахал неучтиво обошелся с одной из мисс Беннет.

Ввиду недостатка мужчин Элизабет пришлось просидеть целых два танца; и времени этого вполне хватило на то, чтобы подслушать разговор между мистером Дарси, случившемся неподалеку, и душкой Бингли, на минутку сбежавшим из круга, чтобы нажать на приятеля и заставить того веселиться.

— Пойдем же, Дарси, я все равно заставлю тебя танцевать. Терпеть не могу, когда ты в одиночестве подпираешь колонны с совершенно идиотским видом. Ты гораздо привлекательней, когда танцуешь.

— Даже не уговаривай. Ты знаешь, насколько мне это неприятно, пока я как следует не познакомлюсь с партнершей. От этого собрания вообще ждать нечего. Твои сестры заняты, а кроме них в целом зале нет ни одной, с кем я мог бы пойти танцевать и при этом не чувствовать себя наказанным.

— Ради Бога, — воскликнул Бингли, — не стоит так привередничать! Клянусь честью, никогда раньше я не встречал столько хорошеньких девушек, как сегодняшним вечером. И среди этого очарования некоторые просто писаные красавицы.

— Ты уже ангажировал самую хорошенькую девушку, — уныло вздохнул Дарси, разглядывая при этом старшую мисс Беннет.

— О, она действительно самое красивое создание, к которому я прикасался! Но у нее есть сестра. Она сидит как раз за тобой. Тоже очень хороша и даже мила, я бы сказал. Позволь мне просить мою партнершу вас познакомить.

— Никак не возьму в толк, о которой ты говоришь, — нахмурился Дарси и оглянулся назад. Поймав взгляд Элизабет, он холодно отвернулся и заявил: — Ну что ж, она вполне сносна, но недостаточно красива, чтобы заинтересовать меня. А, кроме того, сегодня у меня совсем нет настроения, заниматься благотворительностью и развлекать тех, на кого остальные мужчины не обращают внимания. Так что лучше тебе вернуться к своей барышне и наслаждаться ее улыбкой; со мной ты только зря теряешь время.

Мистер Бингли последовал доброму совету. Дарси же удалился, оставив Элизабет наедине с далеко невеселыми мыслями. Девушка с энтузиазмом поведала грустную историю подругам, потому что была натурой живой и общительной и обожала все необычное.

В целом вся семья согласилась с тем, что вечер удался; и миссис Беннет безмерно радовалась за старшую дочь, весь вечер проведшую в компании с «будущей Незерфилдской партией». Мистер Бингли дважды пригласил ее на танец, и барышню к тому же любезно приняли его сестры. Джейн вполне разделяла восторги собственной матери, хотя справедливости ради стоит заметить, что делала она это не столь бурно. Элизабет также радовалась за Джейн. Мэри же лично слышала, как мисс Бингли отозвалась о той как о самой стильной девушке здешнего общества. Кэтрин и Лидии тоже повезло, и за весь вечер они ни разу не испытывали недостатка в кавалерах; а большего от балов они и не ждали. В самом приятном расположении духа семейство вернулось в родное поместье Лонгбурн, где застало мистера Беннета все еще на ногах. С книгой этот джентльмен утрачивал всякое чувство времени. Любопытство его оказалось достаточно сильным, чтобы живо поинтересоваться событиями нынешнего вечера, возбудившими столько волнений у его дам. Втайне он надеялся, что жена его будет разочарована новым знакомым, однако ее рассказ полностью разрушил все воздушные замки.

— О, мой дорогой мистер Беннет! — воскликнула она, с шумом врываясь в библиотеку. — Мы провели совершенно восхитительный вечер. Лучшего бала я, право, и не припомню. Как жаль, что вас там не было. Джейн покорила всех мужчин до единого. Вы даже представить не можете, какой это был успех! Все только и говорили о том, какая она хорошенькая. Мистер Бингли тоже расхваливал ее на все лады и даже дважды с ней танцевал. Вы только подумайте об этом: целых два раза. Больше он никого не приглашал дважды. Сначала он подошел к мисс Лукас. Я прямо вскипела, когда увидела их вместе, но потом вполне успокоилась: невооруженным глазом было видно, что она ему совсем не нравится. Да и немудрено: кому такая может прийтись по вкусу? А вот когда наша Джейн взяла его под руку и они пошли в круг, он прямо остолбенел. Вообще-то он заметил ее раньше, навел о девочке справки, их представили, и он сразу же ангажировал ее на два танца подряд. Потом танцевал с мисс Кинг, затем с Марией Лукас, а после нее он снова пригласил Джейн; потом два раза прошелся с Лиззи, после нее с Боулангер…

— Если бы он имел хоть чуточку сострадания ко мне, — нетерпеливо вставил супруг, — он не танцевал бы так много! Ради всего святого, больше ни единого слова о его партнершах. Господи, и почему он не вывихнул лодыжку на первом же котильоне!

— О, мой милый, — безмятежно продолжала миссис Беннет, — как же он мне понравился! Мистер Бингли столь невыразимо красив! И сестры у него просто очаровательны. Никогда в жизни я не видела таких элегантных туалетов. Я бы даже сказала, что кружева на платье миссис Херст…

К несчастью, миссис Беннет снова перебили, потому что супруг ее взмолился о пощаде и не на шутку стал протестовать против любых дальнейших описаний чьих бы то ни было нарядов. Милосердной леди пришлось быстро найти новую тему для рассказа, связанную с главными событиями; и поэтому она, вооружившись талантом живописца и подобрав самую темную и мрачную палитру, перешла к печальной повести о вопиющей грубости мистера Дарси.

— И заверяю вас, — уже почти задыхаясь от темпа рассказа и собственного возмущения, добавила миссис Беннет, — что Лиззи абсолютно ничего не потеряла, оказавшись не в его вкусе, потому что он самый неприятный, самый кошмарный юноша, которого и ублажать даже не стоит. Он настолько чванлив, что его невозможно вынести. Весь вечер слонялся то здесь, то там, и при этом нос его был задран к верху от собственной важности! Ишь ты, недостаточно хороша, чтобы танцевать с его особой! Очень жаль, любезный мой мистер Беннет, что вас там не было. Уж вы бы поубавили его спеси, как вы это умеете. Нет, этот нахал мне определенно противен!