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Saint

Teresa of Calcutta

MC
Mother Teresa 1.jpg

Mother Teresa in 1995
Virgin
Born Anjezë Gonxhe Bojaxhiu
26 August 1910
Üsküp, Kosovo Vilayet, Ottoman Empire
(present-day Skopje, North Macedonia)
Died 5 September 1997 (aged 87)
Calcutta, West Bengal, India
Venerated in Catholic Church
Beatified 19 October 2003, Saint Peter’s Square, Vatican City by Pope John Paul II
Canonized 4 September 2016, Saint Peter’s Square, Vatican City by Pope Francis
Major shrine Mother House of the Missionaries of Charity, Calcutta, West Bengal, India
Feast 5 September[1]
Patronage
  • World Youth Day
  • Missionaries of Charity
  • Archdiocese of Calcutta (co-patron)[2][3]
Title Superior general
Personal
Religion Catholicism
Nationality
  • Ottoman subject (1910–1912)
  • Serbian subject (1912–1915)
  • Bulgarian subject (1915–1918)
  • Yugoslavian subject (1918–1943)
  • Yugoslavian citizen (1943–1948)
  • Indian subject (1948–1950)
  • Indian citizen[4] (1950–1997)
  • Albanian citizen[5] (1991–1997)
  • Honorary American citizenship (awarded 1996)
Denomination Catholic
Signature Signature of Mother Teresa.svg
Institute
  • Sisters of Loreto (1928–1948)
  • Missionaries of Charity (1950–1997)
Senior posting
Period in office 1950–1997
Successor Sr. Nirmala Joshi, MC

Mary Teresa Bojaxhiu, MC (pronounced [bɔjaˈdʒiu]; 26 August 1910 – 5 September 1997), better known as Mother Teresa (Albanian: Nënë Tereza), was an Indian-Albanian Catholic nun who, in 1950, founded the Missionaries of Charity. Anjezë Gonxhe Bojaxhiu (pronounced [aˈɲɛzə ˈɡɔndʒɛ bɔjaˈdʒiu]) was born in Skopje—at the time, part of the Ottoman Empire.[a] After eighteen years, she moved to Ireland and then to India, where she lived most of her life. Saint Teresa of Calcutta[b] was canonised on 4 September 2016. The anniversary of her death is her feast day.

After Mother Teresa founded her religious congregation, it grew to have over 4,500 nuns and was active in 133 countries as of 2012.[6] The congregation manages homes for people who are dying of HIV/AIDS, leprosy, and tuberculosis. The congregation also runs soup kitchens, dispensaries, mobile clinics, children’s and family counselling programmes, as well as orphanages and schools. Members take vows of chastity, poverty, and obedience and also profess a fourth vow: to give «wholehearted free service to the poorest of the poor.»[7]

Mother Teresa received several honours, including the 1962 Ramon Magsaysay Peace Prize and the 1979 Nobel Peace Prize. A controversial figure during her life and after her death, Mother Teresa was admired by many for her charitable work. She was praised and criticised on various counts, such as for her views on abortion and contraception, and was criticized for poor conditions in her houses for the dying. Her authorized biography was written by Navin Chawla and published in 1992, and she has been the subject of other books as well as films. On 6 September 2017, Mother Teresa and Saint Francis Xavier were named co-patrons of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Calcutta.

Biography

Early life

Urban stone-and-glass building

Mother Teresa’s given name was Anjezë Gonxhe (or Gonxha)[8][page needed] Bojaxhiu (Albanian: [aˈɲɛzə ˈɡɔndʒɛ bɔjaˈdʒiu]—Anjezë is a cognate of «Agnes»; Gonxhe means «rosebud» or «little flower» in Albanian. She was born on 26 August 1910 into a Kosovar Albanian family[9][10][11] in Skopje, Ottoman Empire (now the capital of North Macedonia).[12][13] She was baptised in Skopje the day after her birth.[8] She later considered 27 August, the day she was baptised, her «true birthday».[12]

She was the youngest child of Nikollë and Dranafile Bojaxhiu (Bernai).[14] Her father, who was involved in Albanian-community politics in Ottoman Macedonia, died in 1919 when she was eight years old.[12][c] He was born in Prizren (today in Kosovo), however, his family was from Mirdita (present-day Albania).[15][16] Her mother may have been from a village near Gjakova,[17] believed by her offspring to be Bishtazhin.[18]

According to a biography by Joan Graff Clucas, Anjezë was in her early years when she became fascinated by stories of the lives of missionaries and their service in Bengal; by age 12, she was convinced that she should commit herself to religious life.[19] Her resolve strengthened on 15 August 1928 as she prayed at the shrine of the Black Madonna of Vitina-Letnice, where she often went on pilgrimages.[20]

Anjezë left home in 1928 at age 18 to join the Sisters of Loreto at Loreto Abbey in Rathfarnham, Ireland, to learn English with the intent of becoming a missionary; English was the language of instruction of the Sisters of Loreto in India.[21] She saw neither her mother nor her sister again.[22] Her family lived in Skopje until 1934, when they moved to Tirana.[23]

She arrived in India in 1929[24] and began her novitiate in Darjeeling, in the lower Himalayas,[25] where she learned Bengali and taught at St. Teresa’s School near her convent.[26] She took her first religious vows on 24 May 1931. She chose to be named after Thérèse de Lisieux, the patron saint of missionaries;[27][28] because a nun in the convent had already chosen that name, she opted for its Spanish spelling of Teresa.[29]

Teresa took her solemn vows on 14 May 1937 while she was a teacher at the Loreto convent school in Entally, eastern Calcutta, taking the style of ‘Mother’ as part of Loreto custom.[12][30][31] She served there for nearly twenty years and was appointed its headmistress in 1944.[32] Although Mother Teresa enjoyed teaching at the school, she was increasingly disturbed by the poverty surrounding her in Calcutta.[33] The Bengal famine of 1943 brought misery and death to the city, and the August 1946 Direct Action Day began a period of Muslim-Hindu violence.[34]

In 1946, during a visit to Darjeeling by train, Mother Teresa felt that she heard the call of her inner conscience to serve the poor of India for Jesus. She asked for and received permission to leave the school. In 1950, she founded the Missionaries of Charity, choosing a white sari with two blue borders as the order’s habit.

Missionaries of Charity

Three-story building with a sign and a statue

On 10 September 1946, Teresa experienced what she later described as «the call within the call» when she travelled by train to the Loreto convent in Darjeeling from Calcutta for her annual retreat. «I was to leave the convent and help the poor while living among them. It was an order. To fail would have been to break the faith.»[35] Joseph Langford later wrote, «Though no one knew it at the time, Sister Teresa had just become Mother Teresa».[36]

She began missionary work with the poor in 1948,[24] replacing her traditional Loreto habit with a simple, white cotton sari with a blue border. Mother Teresa adopted Indian citizenship, spent several months in Patna to receive basic medical training at Holy Family Hospital and ventured into the slums.[37][38] She founded a school in Motijhil, Calcutta, before she began tending to the poor and hungry.[39] At the beginning of 1949, Mother Teresa was joined in her effort by a group of young women, and she laid the foundation for a new religious community helping the «poorest among the poor».[40]

Her efforts quickly caught the attention of Indian officials, including the prime minister.[41] Mother Teresa wrote in her diary that her first year was fraught with difficulty. With no income, she begged for food and supplies and experienced doubt, loneliness and the temptation to return to the comfort of convent life during these early months:

Our Lord wants me to be a free nun covered with the poverty of the cross. Today, I learned a good lesson. The poverty of the poor must be so hard for them. While looking for a home I walked and walked till my arms and legs ached. I thought how much they must ache in body and soul, looking for a home, food and health. Then, the comfort of Loreto [her former congregation] came to tempt me. «You have only to say the word and all that will be yours again», the Tempter kept on saying. … Of free choice, my God, and out of love for you, I desire to remain and do whatever be your Holy will in my regard. I did not let a single tear come.[42]

Four nuns in sandals and white-and-blue saris

Missionaries of Charity in traditional saris

On 7 October 1950, Mother Teresa received Vatican permission for the diocesan congregation, which would become the Missionaries of Charity.[43] In her words, it would care for «the hungry, the naked, the homeless, the crippled, the blind, the lepers, all those people who feel unwanted, unloved, uncared for throughout society, people that have become a burden to the society and are shunned by everyone».[44]

In 1952, Mother Teresa opened her first hospice with help from Calcutta officials. She converted an abandoned Hindu temple into the Kalighat Home for the Dying, free for the poor, and renamed it Kalighat, the Home of the Pure Heart (Nirmal Hriday).[45] Those brought to the home received medical attention and the opportunity to die with dignity in accordance with their faith: Muslims were read the Quran, Hindus received water from the Ganges, and Catholics received extreme unction.[46] «A beautiful death», Mother Teresa said, «is for people who lived like animals to die like angels—loved and wanted.»[46]

White, older building

Nirmal Hriday, Mother Teresa’s Calcutta hospice, in 2007

She opened a hospice for those with leprosy, calling it Shanti Nagar (City of Peace).[47] The Missionaries of Charity established leprosy-outreach clinics throughout Calcutta, providing medication, dressings and food.[48] The Missionaries of Charity took in an increasing number of homeless children; in 1955, Mother Teresa opened Nirmala Shishu Bhavan, the Children’s Home of the Immaculate Heart, as a haven for orphans and homeless youth.[49]

The congregation began to attract recruits and donations, and by the 1960s it had opened hospices, orphanages and leper houses throughout India. Mother Teresa then expanded the congregation abroad, opening a house in Venezuela in 1965 with five sisters.[50] Houses followed in Italy (Rome), Tanzania and Austria in 1968, and, during the 1970s, the congregation opened houses and foundations in the United States and dozens of countries in Asia, Africa and Europe.[51]

The Missionaries of Charity Brothers was founded in 1963, and a contemplative branch of the Sisters followed in 1976. Lay Catholics and non-Catholics were enrolled in the Co-Workers of Mother Teresa, the Sick and Suffering Co-Workers, and the Lay Missionaries of Charity. Responding to requests by many priests, in 1981, Mother Teresa founded the Corpus Christi Movement for Priests[52] and with Joseph Langford founded the Missionaries of Charity Fathers in 1984 to combine the vocational aims of the Missionaries of Charity with the resources of the priesthood.[53]

By 1997, the 13-member Calcutta congregation had grown to more than 4,000 sisters who managed orphanages, AIDS hospices and charity centers worldwide, caring for refugees, the blind, disabled, aged, alcoholics, the poor and homeless and victims of floods, epidemics and famine.[54] By 2007, the Missionaries of Charity numbered about 450 brothers and 5,000 sisters worldwide, operating 600 missions, schools and shelters in 120 countries.[55]

International charity

Mother Teresa said, «By blood, I am Albanian. By citizenship, an Indian. By faith, I am a Catholic nun. As to my calling, I belong to the world. As to my heart, I belong entirely to the Heart of Jesus.»[4] Fluent in five languages – Bengali,[56] Albanian, Serbian, English and Hindi – she made occasional trips outside India for humanitarian reasons.[57]

At the height of the Siege of Beirut in 1982, Mother Teresa rescued 37 children trapped in a front-line hospital by brokering a temporary cease-fire between the Israeli army and Palestinian guerrillas.[58] Accompanied by Red Cross workers, she travelled through the war zone to the hospital to evacuate the young patients.[59]

When Eastern Europe experienced increased openness in the late 1980s, Mother Teresa expanded her efforts to Communist countries which had rejected the Missionaries of Charity. She began dozens of projects, undeterred by criticism of her stands against abortion and divorce: «No matter who says what, you should accept it with a smile and do your own work.» She visited Armenia after the 1988 earthquake[60] and met with Soviet Premier Nikolai Ryzhkov.[61]

Mother Teresa travelled to assist the hungry in Ethiopia, radiation victims at Chernobyl and earthquake victims in Armenia.[62][63][64] In 1991 she returned to Albania for the first time, opening a Missionaries of Charity Brothers home in Tirana.[65]

By 1996, the Missionaries of Charity operated 517 missions in over 100 countries.[66] The number of sisters in the Missionaries of Charity grew from twelve to thousands, serving the «poorest of the poor» in 450 centres worldwide. The first Missionaries of Charity home in the United States was established in the South Bronx area of New York City, and by 1984 the congregation operated 19 establishments throughout the country.[67]

Declining health and death

Mother Teresa had a heart attack in Rome in 1983 while she was visiting Pope John Paul II. Following a second attack in 1989, she received a pacemaker.[68] In 1991, after a bout of pneumonia in Mexico, she had additional heart problems. Although Mother Teresa offered to resign as head of the Missionaries of Charity, in a secret ballot the sisters of the congregation voted for her to stay, and she agreed to continue.[69]

In April 1996, Mother Teresa fell, breaking her collarbone, and four months later she had malaria and heart failure. Although she underwent heart surgery, her health was clearly declining. According to Archbishop of Calcutta Henry Sebastian D’Souza, he ordered a priest to perform an exorcism (with her permission) when she was first hospitalised with cardiac problems because he thought she might be under attack by the devil.[70]

On 13 March 1997, Mother Teresa resigned as head of the Missionaries of Charity. She died on 5 September.[71][72] At the time of her death, the Missionaries of Charity had over 4,000 sisters and an associated brotherhood of 300 members operating 610 missions in 123 countries.[73] These included hospices and homes for people with HIV/AIDS, leprosy and tuberculosis, soup kitchens, children’s and family counselling programmes, orphanages and schools. The Missionaries of Charity were aided by co-workers numbering over one million by the 1990s.[74]

Mother Teresa lay in repose in an open casket in St Thomas, Calcutta, for a week before her funeral. She received a state funeral from the Indian government in gratitude for her service to the poor of all religions in the country.[75] Cardinal Secretary of State Angelo Sodano, the Pope’s representative, delivered the homily at the service.[76] Mother Teresa’s death was mourned in the secular and religious communities. Prime Minister of Pakistan Nawaz Sharif called her «a rare and unique individual who lived long for higher purposes. Her life-long devotion to the care of the poor, the sick, and the disadvantaged was one of the highest examples of service to our humanity.»[77] According to former U.N. Secretary-General Javier Pérez de Cuéllar, «She is the United Nations. She is peace in the world.»[77]

Recognition and reception

India

From the Indian government, under the name of Mary Teresa Bojaxhiu, Mother Teresa was issued a diplomatic passport.[78] She received the Padma Shri in 1962 and the Jawaharlal Nehru Award for International Understanding in 1969.[79] She later received other Indian awards, including the Bharat Ratna (India’s highest civilian award) in 1980.[80] Mother Teresa’s official biography, by Navin Chawla, was published in 1992.[81] In Calcutta, she is worshipped as a deity by some Hindus.[82]

To commemorate the 100th anniversary of her birth, the government of India issued a special ₹5 coin (the amount of money Mother Teresa had when she arrived in India) on 28 August 2010. President Pratibha Patil said, «Clad in a white sari with a blue border, she and the sisters of Missionaries of Charity became a symbol of hope to many—namely, the aged, the destitute, the unemployed, the diseased, the terminally ill, and those abandoned by their families.»[83]

Indian views of Mother Teresa are not uniformly favourable. Aroup Chatterjee, a physician born and raised in Calcutta who was an activist in the city’s slums for years around 1980 before moving to the UK, said that he «never even saw any nuns in those slums».[84] His research, involving more than 100 interviews with volunteers, nuns and others familiar with the Missionaries of Charity, was described in a 2003 book critical of Mother Teresa.[84] Chatterjee criticized her for promoting a «cult of suffering» and a distorted, negative image of Calcutta, exaggerating work done by her mission and misusing funds and privileges at her disposal.[84][85] According to him, some of the hygiene problems he had criticized (such as the reuse of needles) improved after Mother Teresa’s death in 1997.[84]

Bikash Ranjan Bhattacharya, mayor of Calcutta from 2005 to 2010, said that «she had no significant impact on the poor of this city», glorified illness instead of treating it and misrepresented the city: «No doubt there was poverty in Calcutta, but it was never a city of lepers and beggars, as Mother Teresa presented it.»[86] On the Hindu right, the Bharatiya Janata Party clashed with Mother Teresa over the Christian Dalits but praised her in death and sent a representative to her funeral.[87] Vishwa Hindu Parishad, however, opposed the government decision to grant her a state funeral. Secretary Giriraj Kishore said that «her first duty was to the Church and social service was incidental», accusing her of favouring Christians and conducting «secret baptisms» of the dying.[88][89] In a front-page tribute, the Indian fortnightly Frontline dismissed the charges as «patently false» and said that they had «made no impact on the public perception of her work, especially in Calcutta». Praising her «selfless caring», energy and bravery, the author of the tribute criticised Teresa’s public campaign against abortion and her claim to be non-political.[90]

In February 2015 Mohan Bhagwat, leader of the Hindu right-wing organisation Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, said that Mother Teresa’s objective was «to convert the person, who was being served, into a Christian».[91] Former RSS spokesperson M. G. Vaidhya supported Bhagwat’s assessment, and the organisation accused the media of «distorting facts about Bhagwat’s remarks». Trinamool Congress MP Derek O’Brien, CPI leader Atul Anjan and Delhi chief minister Arvind Kejriwal protested Bhagwat’s statement.[92] In 1991[93] the country’s first modern University, Senate of Serampore College (University) awarded a honorary doctorate during registrarship of D. S. Satyaranjan.

Elsewhere

US President Ronald Regan and Nancy Reagan with Mother Teresa, standing at a microphone

Mother Teresa received the Ramon Magsaysay Award for Peace and International Understanding, given for work in South or East Asia, in 1962. According to its citation, «The Board of Trustees recognises her merciful cognisance of the abject poor of a foreign land, in whose service she has led a new congregation».[94] By the early 1970s, Mother Teresa was an international celebrity. She had been catapulted to fame via Malcolm Muggeridge’s 1969 BBC documentary, Something Beautiful for God, before he released a 1971 book of the same name.[95] Muggeridge was undergoing a spiritual journey of his own at the time.[96] During filming, footage shot in poor lighting (particularly at the Home for the Dying) was thought unlikely to be usable by the crew; the crew had been using new, untested photographic film. In England, the footage was found to be extremely well-lit and Muggeridge called it a miracle of «divine light» from Teresa.[97] Other crew members said that it was due to a new type of ultra-sensitive Kodak film.[98] Muggeridge later converted to Catholicism.[99]

Around this time, the Catholic world began to honour Mother Teresa publicly. Pope Paul VI gave her the inaugural Pope John XXIII Peace Prize in 1971, commending her work with the poor, her display of Christian charity and her efforts for peace.[100] She received the Pacem in Terris Award in 1976.[101] After her death, Teresa progressed rapidly on the road to sainthood.

She was honoured by governments and civilian organisations and appointed an honorary Companion of the Order of Australia in 1982 «for service to the community of Australia and humanity at large».[102] The United Kingdom and the United States bestowed a number of awards, culminating in the Order of Merit in 1983 and honorary citizenship of the United States on 16 November 1996.[103] Mother Teresa’s Albanian homeland gave her the Golden Honour of the Nation in 1994,[90] but her acceptance of this and the Haitian Legion of Honour was controversial. Mother Teresa was criticised for implicitly supporting the Duvaliers and corrupt businessmen such as Charles Keating and Robert Maxwell; she wrote to the judge of Keating’s trial requesting clemency.[90][104]

Universities in India and the West granted her honorary degrees.[90] Other civilian awards included the Balzan Prize for promoting humanity, peace and brotherhood among peoples (1978)[105] and the Albert Schweitzer International Prize (1975).[106] In April 1976, Mother Teresa visited the University of Scranton in northeastern Pennsylvania, where she received the La Storta Medal for Human Service from university president William J. Byron.[107] She challenged an audience of 4,500 to «know poor people in your own home and local neighbourhood», feeding others or simply spreading joy and love.[108] Mother Teresa continued: «The poor will help us grow in sanctity, for they are Christ in the guise of distress».[107] In August 1987, Mother Teresa received an honorary doctor of social science degree from the university in recognition of her service and her ministry to help the destitute and sick.[109] She spoke to over 4,000 students and members of the Diocese of Scranton[110] about her service to the «poorest of the poor», telling them to «do small things with great love».[111]

During her lifetime, Mother Teresa was among the top 10 women in the annual Gallup’s most admired man and woman poll 18 times, finishing first several times in the 1980s and 1990s.[112] In 1999 she headed Gallup’s List of Most Widely Admired People of the 20th Century,[113] out-polling all other volunteered answers by a wide margin. She was first in all major demographic categories except the very young.[113][114]

Nobel Peace Prize

External video
video icon Mother Teresa’s 1979 Nobel Peace Prize acceptance speech

In 1979, Mother Teresa received the Nobel Peace Prize «for work undertaken in the struggle to overcome poverty and distress, which also constitutes a threat to peace».[115] She refused the conventional ceremonial banquet for laureates, asking that its $192,000 cost be given to the poor in India[116] and saying that earthly rewards were important only if they helped her to help the world’s needy. When Mother Teresa received the prize she was asked, «What can we do to promote world peace?» She answered, «Go home and love your family.» Building on this theme in her Nobel lecture, she said: «Around the world, not only in the poor countries, but I found the poverty of the West so much more difficult to remove. When I pick up a person from the street, hungry, I give him a plate of rice, a piece of bread, I have satisfied. I have removed that hunger. But a person that is shut out, that feels unwanted, unloved, terrified, the person that has been thrown out from society – that poverty is so hurtable [sic] and so much, and I find that very difficult.»

Social and political views

Mother Teresa singled out abortion as «the greatest destroyer of peace today. Because if a mother can kill her own child – what is left for me to kill you and you kill me – there is nothing between.»[117]

Barbara Smoker of the secular humanist magazine The Freethinker criticised Mother Teresa after the Peace Prize award, saying that her promotion of Catholic moral teachings on abortion and contraception diverted funds from effective methods to solve India’s problems.[118] At the Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing, Mother Teresa said: «Yet we can destroy this gift of motherhood, especially by the evil of abortion, but also by thinking that other things like jobs or positions are more important than loving.»[119]

Criticism

According to a paper by Canadian academics Serge Larivée, Geneviève Chénard and Carole Sénéchal, Mother Teresa’s clinics received millions of dollars in donations but lacked medical care, systematic diagnosis, necessary nutrition and sufficient analgesics for those in pain;[120] in the opinion of the three academics, «Mother Teresa believed the sick must suffer like Christ on the cross».[121] It was said that the additional money might have transformed the health of the city’s poor by creating advanced palliative care facilities.[122][123]

One of Mother Teresa’s most outspoken critics was English journalist and antitheist Christopher Hitchens, host of the documentary Hell’s Angel (1994) and author of the essay The Missionary Position: Mother Teresa in Theory and Practice (1995) who wrote in a 2003 article: «This returns us to the medieval corruption of the church, which sold indulgences to the rich while preaching hellfire and continence to the poor. [Mother Teresa] was not a friend of the poor. She was a friend of poverty. She said that suffering was a gift from God. She spent her life opposing the only known cure for poverty, which is the empowerment of women and the emancipation of them from a livestock version of compulsory reproduction.»[124] He accused her of hypocrisy for choosing advanced treatment for her heart condition.[125][126] Hitchens said that «her intention was not to help people», and that she lied to donors about how their contributions were used. «It was by talking to her that I discovered, and she assured me, that she wasn’t working to alleviate poverty», he said, «She was working to expand the number of Catholics. She said, ‘I’m not a social worker. I don’t do it for this reason. I do it for Christ. I do it for the church‘«.[127] Although Hitchens thought he was the only witness called by the Holy See, Aroup Chatterjee (author of Mother Teresa: The Untold Story) was also called to present evidence opposing Mother Teresa’s beatification and canonisation.[128]

In 1994, Mother Teresa argued that the sexual abuse allegations against Jesuit priest Donald McGuire were untrue. When he was convicted of sexually molesting multiple children in 2006, Mother Teresa’s defense of him was criticised.[129][130]

Abortion-rights groups have also criticised Mother Teresa’s stance against abortion and contraception.[131][132][133]

Spiritual life

Analysing her deeds and achievements, Pope John Paul II said: «Where did Mother Teresa find the strength and perseverance to place herself completely at the service of others? She found it in prayer and in the silent contemplation of Jesus Christ, his Holy Face, his Sacred Heart.»[134] Privately, Mother Teresa experienced doubts and struggle in her religious beliefs which lasted nearly 50 years, until the end of her life.[135] Mother Teresa expressed grave doubts about God’s existence and pain over her lack of faith:

Where is my faith? Even deep down […] there is nothing but emptiness and darkness. […] If there be God – please forgive me. When I try to raise my thoughts to Heaven, there is such convicting emptiness that those very thoughts return like sharp knives and hurt my very soul.[136]

Outdoor bas-relief plaque

Plaque dedicated to Mother Teresa in Wenceslas Square, Olomouc, Czech Republic

Other saints (including Teresa’s namesake Thérèse of Lisieux, who called it a «night of nothingness») had similar experiences of spiritual dryness.[137] According to James Langford, these doubts were typical and would not be an impediment to canonisation.[137]

After ten years of doubt, Mother Teresa described a brief period of renewed faith. After Pope Pius XII’s death in 1958, she was praying for him at a requiem mass when she was relieved of «the long darkness: that strange suffering.» However, five weeks later her spiritual dryness returned.[138]

Mother Teresa wrote many letters to her confessors and superiors over a 66-year period, most notably to Calcutta Archbishop Ferdinand Perier and Jesuit priest Celeste van Exem (her spiritual advisor since the formation of the Missionaries of Charity).[139] She requested that her letters be destroyed, concerned that «people will think more of me – less of Jesus.»[96][140]

Semi-abstract painting honouring Mother Teresa

However, the correspondence was compiled in Mother Teresa: Come Be My Light.[96][141] Mother Teresa wrote to spiritual confidant Michael van der Peet, «Jesus has a very special love for you. [But] as for me, the silence and the emptiness is so great, that I look and do not see – listen and do not hear – the tongue moves [in prayer] but does not speak. […] I want you to pray for me – that I let Him have [a] free hand.»

In Deus caritas est (his first encyclical), Pope Benedict XVI mentioned Mother Teresa three times and used her life to clarify one of the encyclical’s main points: «In the example of Blessed Teresa of Calcutta we have a clear illustration of the fact that time devoted to God in prayer not only does not detract from effective and loving service to our neighbour but is in fact the inexhaustible source of that service.»[142] She wrote, «It is only by mental prayer and spiritual reading that we can cultivate the gift of prayer.»[143]

Although her order was not connected with the Franciscan orders, Mother Teresa admired Francis of Assisi[144] and was influenced by Franciscan spirituality. The Sisters of Charity recite the prayer of Saint Francis every morning at Mass during the thanksgiving after Communion, and their emphasis on ministry and many of their vows are similar.[144] Francis emphasised poverty, chastity, obedience and submission to Christ. He devoted much of his life to serving the poor, particularly lepers.[145]

Canonization

Miracle and beatification

After Mother Teresa’s death in 1997, the Holy See began the process of beatification (the second of three steps towards canonization) and Brian Kolodiejchuk was appointed postulator by the Diocese of Calcutta. Although he said, «We didn’t have to prove that she was perfect or never made a mistake», he had to prove that Mother Teresa’s virtue was heroic. Kolodiejchuk submitted 76 documents, totalling 35,000 pages, which were based on interviews with 113 witnesses who were asked to answer 263 questions.[146]

The process of canonisation requires the documentation of a miracle resulting from the intercession of the prospective saint.[147] In 2002 the Vatican recognised as a miracle the healing of a tumour in the abdomen of Monica Besra, an Indian woman, after the application of a locket containing Teresa’s picture. According to Besra, a beam of light emanated from the picture and her cancerous tumour was cured; however, her husband and some of her medical staff said that conventional medical treatment eradicated the tumour.[148] Ranjan Mustafi, who told The New York Times he had treated Besra, said that the cyst was caused by tuberculosis: «It was not a miracle … She took medicines for nine months to one year.»[149] According to Besra’s husband, «My wife was cured by the doctors and not by any miracle […] This miracle is a hoax.»[150] Besra said that her medical records, including sonograms, prescriptions and physicians’ notes, were confiscated by Sister Betta of the Missionaries of Charity. According to Time, calls to Sister Betta and the office of Sister Nirmala (Teresa’s successor as head of the order) produced no comment. Officials at Balurghat Hospital, where Besra sought medical treatment, said that they were pressured by the order to call her cure miraculous.[150] In February 2000, former West Bengal health minister Partho De ordered a review of Besra’s medical records at the Department of Health in Calcutta. According to De, there was nothing unusual about her illness and cure based on her lengthy treatment. He said that he had refused to give the Vatican the name of a doctor who would certify that Monica Besra’s healing was a miracle.[151]

During Mother Teresa’s beatification and canonisation, the Vatican studied published and unpublished criticism of her life and work. Christopher Hitchens and Chatterjee (author of The Final Verdict, a book critical of Mother Teresa) spoke to the tribunal; according to Vatican officials, the allegations raised were investigated by the Congregation for the Causes of Saints.[146] The group found no obstacle to Mother Teresa’s canonisation, and issued its nihil obstat on 21 April 1999.[152][153] Because of the attacks on her, some Catholic writers called her a sign of contradiction.[154] Mother Teresa was beatified on 19 October 2003, and was known by Catholics as «Blessed».[155]

Canonization

On 17 December 2015, the Vatican Press Office confirmed that Pope Francis recognised a second miracle attributed to Mother Teresa: the healing of a Brazilian man with multiple brain tumours back in 2008.[156] The miracle first came to the attention of the postulation (officials managing the cause) during the events of World Youth Day 2013 when the pope was in Brazil that July. A subsequent investigation took place in Brazil from 19–26 June 2015 which was later transferred to the Congregation for the Causes of Saints who issued a decree recognizing the investigation to be completed.[156]

Pope Francis canonised her at a ceremony on 4 September 2016 in St. Peter’s Square in Vatican City. Tens of thousands of people witnessed the ceremony, including 15 government delegations and 1,500 homeless people from across Italy.[157][158] It was televised live on the Vatican channel and streamed online; Skopje, Mother Teresa’s hometown, announced a week-long celebration of her canonisation.[157] In India, a special Mass was celebrated by the Missionaries of Charity in Calcutta.[158]

Co-Patron of Calcutta Archdiocese

On 4 September 2017, during a celebration honouring the 1st anniversary of her canonisation, Sister Mary Prema Pierick, Superior-General of the Missionaries of Charity, announced that Mother Teresa would be made the co-patron of the Calcutta Archdiocese during a Mass in the Cathedral of the Most Holy Rosary on 6 September 2017.[159] On 5 September 2017, Archbishop Thomas D’Souza, who serves as head of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Calcutta, confirmed that Mother Teresa would be named co-patron of the Calcutta Diocese, alongside Francis Xavier.[160][161] On 6 September 2017, about 500 people attended the Mass at a cathedral where Dominique Gomes, the local Vicar General,[162] read the decree instituting her as the second patron saint of the archdiocese.[163] The ceremony was also presided over by D’Souza and the Vatican’s ambassador to India, Giambattista Diquattro, who lead the Mass and inaugurated a bronze statue in the church of Mother Teresa carrying a child.[163]

The Catholic Church declared St. Francis Xavier the first patron saint of Calcutta in 1986.[163]

Legacy and depictions in popular culture

Commemorations

Airport terminal, with four trees in the foreground

Mother Teresa has been commemorated by museums and named the patroness of a number of churches. She has had buildings, roads and complexes named after her, including Albania’s international airport. Mother Teresa Day (Dita e Nënë Terezës), 19 October, is a public holiday in Albania. In 2009, the Memorial House of Mother Teresa was opened in her hometown of Skopje, North Macedonia. The Cathedral of Blessed Mother Teresa in Pristina, Kosovo, is named in her honour.[164] The demolition of a historic high school building to make way for the new construction initially sparked controversy in the local community, but the high school was later relocated to a new, more spacious campus. Consecrated on 5 September 2017, it became the first cathedral in Mother Teresa’s honour and the second extant one in Kosovo.[165]

Mother Teresa Women’s University,[166] in Kodaikanal, was established in 1984 as a public university by the government of Tamil Nadu. The Mother Teresa Postgraduate and Research Institute of Health Sciences,[167] in Pondicherry, was established in 1999 by the government of Puducherry. The charitable organisation Sevalaya runs the Mother Teresa Girls Home, providing poor and orphaned girls near the underserved village of Kasuva in Tamil Nadu with free food, clothing, shelter and education.[168] A number of tributes by Mother Teresa’s biographer, Navin Chawla, have appeared in Indian newspapers and magazines.[169][170][171] Indian Railways introduced the «Mother Express», a new train named after Mother Teresa, on 26 August 2010 to commemorate the centenary of her birth.[172] The Tamil Nadu government organised centenary celebrations honouring Mother Teresa on 4 December 2010 in Chennai, headed by chief minister M Karunanidhi.[173][174] Beginning on 5 September 2013, the anniversary of her death has been designated the International Day of Charity by the United Nations General Assembly.[175]

In 2012, Mother Teresa was ranked number 5 in Outlook India’s poll of the Greatest Indian.[176]

Sacred Heart University in Fairfield, Connecticut, has a residence hall named after her, called Teresa of Calcutta Hall.

Film and literature

Documentaries and books

  • Mother Teresa is the subject of the 1969 documentary film and 1972 book, Something Beautiful for God, by Malcolm Muggeridge.[177] The film has been credited with drawing the Western world’s attention to Mother Teresa.
  • Christopher Hitchens’ 1994 documentary, Hell’s Angel, argues that Mother Teresa urged the poor to accept their fate; the rich are portrayed as favoured by God.[178][179] It was the precursor of Hitchens’ essay, The Missionary Position: Mother Teresa in Theory and Practice.
  • Mother of The Century (2001) and Mother Teresa (2002) are short documentary films, about the life and work of Mother Teresa among the poor of India, directed by Amar Kumar Bhattacharya. They were produced by the Films Division of the Government of India.[180][181]
  • Mother Teresa: No Greater Love (2022) is a documentary film featuring unusual access to institutional archives and how her vision to serve Christ among the poor is being implemented through the Missionaries of Charity.[182]

Dramatic films and television

  • Mother Teresa appeared in Bible Ki Kahaniyan, an Indian Christian show based on the Bible which aired on DD National during the early 1990s. She introduced some of the episodes, laying down the importance of the Bible’s message.[183]
  • Geraldine Chaplin played Mother Teresa in Mother Teresa: In the Name of God’s Poor, which received a 1997 Art Film Festival award.[184]
  • She was played by Olivia Hussey in a 2003 Italian television miniseries, Mother Teresa of Calcutta.[185] Re-released in 2007, it received a CAMIE award.[186]
  • Mother Teresa was played by Juliet Stevenson in the 2014 film The Letters, which was based on her letters to Vatican priest Celeste van Exem.[187]
  • Mother Teresa, played by Cara Francis the FantasyGrandma, rap battled Sigmund Freud in Epic Rap Battles of History, a comedy rap YouTube series created by Nice Peter and Epic Lloyd. The rap was released on YouTube 22 September 2019.[188]
  • In the 2020 animated film Soul, Mother Teresa briefly appears as one of 22’s past mentors.

See also

  • Abdul Sattar Edhi
  • Albanians
  • List of Albanians
  • List of female Nobel laureates
  • The Greatest Indian
  • Roman Catholicism in Albania
  • Roman Catholicism in Kosovo
  • Roman Catholicism in North Macedonia

Notes

  1. ^ After World War I and the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire, Skopje became part of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, for the duration of Teresa’s childhood. Since the 1990s, Skopje has been the capital of Macedonia.
  2. ^ Albanian: Shën Tereza e Kalkutës; Bengali: কলকাতার সন্ত টেরিজা
  3. ^ Although some sources state she was 10 when her father died, in an interview with her brother, the Vatican documents her age at the time as «about eight».

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Sources

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  • Chawla, Navin. Mother Teresa: The Authorized Biography. Diane Pub Co. (1992). ISBN 978-0-7567-5548-5. First published by Sinclair-Stevenson, UK (1992), since translated into 14 languages in India and abroad. Indian language editions include Hindi, Bengali, Gujarati, Malayalam, Tamil, Telugu, and Kannada. The foreign language editions include French, German, Dutch, Spanish, Italian, Polish, Japanese, and Thai. In both Indian and foreign languages, there have been multiple editions. The bulk of royalty income goes to charity.
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  • Chawla, Navin. Mother Teresa and the joy of giving, article in The Hindu dated 26 August 2008 » Mother Teresa and the joy of giving«
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  • Hitchens, Christopher (20 October 2003). «Mommie Dearest». Slate. Archived from the original on 13 August 2014. Retrieved 5 September 2014.
  • Kwilecki, Susan and Loretta S. Wilson, «Was Mother Teresa Maximizing Her Utility? An Idiographic Application of Rational Choice Theory», Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, Vol. 37, No. 2 (Jun. 1998), pp. 205–221
  • (in French) Larivée, Serge (Université de Montréal), Carole Sénéchal (University of Ottawa), and Geneviève Chénard (Université de Montréal). «Les côtés ténébreux de Mère Teresa.» Studies in Religion/Sciences Religieuses. September 2013 vol. 42 no. 3, pp. 319–345. Published online before print 15 January 2013, doi:10.1177/0008429812469894. Available at SAGE Journals.
  • Le Joly, Edward. Mother Teresa of Calcutta. San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1983. ISBN 0-06-065217-9.
  • Livermore, Colette, Hope Endures: Leaving Mother Teresa, Losing Faith, and Searching for Meaning. Free Press (2008) ISBN 1-4165-9361-6.
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  • Muntaykkal, T.T. Blessed Mother Teresa: Her Journey to Your Heart. ISBN 1-903650-61-5. ISBN 0-7648-1110-X. «Book Review». Archived from the original on 9 February 2006..
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  • Raghu Rai and Navin Chawla. Faith and Compassion: The Life and Work of Mother Teresa. Element Books Ltd. (1996). ISBN 978-1-85230-912-1. Translated also into Dutch and Spanish.
  • Rajagopal MR, Joranson DE, and Gilson AM (2001), «Medical use, misuse and diversion of opioids in India», The Lancet, Vol. 358, 14 July 2001, pp. 139–143
  • Rajagopal MR, and Joranson DE (2007), «India: Opioid availability – An update», The Journal of Pain Symptom Management, Vol. 33:615–622.
  • Rajagopal MR (2011), interview with the UN Office on Drugs and Crime, April 2011 India: The principle of balance to make opioids accessible for palliative care Archived 23 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine
  • Scott, David. A Revolution of Love: The Meaning of Mother Teresa. Chicago: Loyola Press, 2005. ISBN 0-8294-2031-2.
  • Sebba, Anne. Mother Teresa: Beyond the Image. New York: Doubleday, 1997. ISBN 0-385-48952-8.
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  • Smoker, Barbara (1 February 1980). «Mother Teresa – Sacred Cow?». The Freethinker. Archived from the original on 5 September 2014. Retrieved 5 September 2014.
  • Spink, Kathryn. Mother Teresa: A Complete Authorized Biography. New York: HarperCollins, 1997. ISBN 0-06-250825-3
  • Teresa, Mother et al., Mother Teresa: In My Own Words. Gramercy Books, 1997. ISBN 0-517-20169-0.
  • Teresa, Mother, Mother Teresa: Come Be My Light: The Private Writings of the «Saint of Calcutta», edited with commentary by Brian Kolodiejchuk, New York: Doubleday, 2007. ISBN 0-385-52037-9.
  • Teresa, Mother, Where There Is Love, There Is God, edited and with an introduction by Brian Kolodiejchuk, New York: Doubleday, 2010. ISBN 0-385-53178-8.
  • Williams, Paul. Mother Teresa. Indianapolis: Alpha Books, 2002. ISBN 0-02-864278-3.
  • Wüllenweber, Walter. «Nehmen ist seliger denn geben. Mutter Teresa – wo sind ihre Millionen?» Stern (illustrated German weekly), 10 September 1998. English translation.

External links

  • Official website
  • Mother Teresa memorial with gallery (in Russian)
  • Mother Teresa on Nobelprize.org Edit this at Wikidata
  • Mother Teresa collected news and commentary at The New York Times
  • Appearances on C-SPAN
  • Mother Teresa at Missionaries of Charity Fathers
  • «Whatsoever You Do …» Speech at National Prayer Breakfast. Washington, D.C.: Priests for Life. 3 February 1994.
  • Noonan, Peggy (February 1998). «Still, Small Voice». Crisis. 16 (2): 12–17. Mother Teresa broke almost all the rules of good speech writing during her National Prayer Breakfast address in 1994, but delivered an enormously powerful and deeply memorable speech.
  • Parenti, Michael (22 October 2007). «Mother Teresa, John Paul II, and the Fast-Track Saints». Common Dreams.
  • Mother Teresa contrasts:
    • Van Biema, David (23 August 2007). «Mother Teresa’s Crisis of Faith». Time. Jesus has a very special love for you. [But] as for me – The silence and the emptiness is so great – that I look and do not see, –Listen and do not hear.
    • «From Sister to Mother to Saint: The journey of Mother Teresa». News Karnataka. 31 August 2016. By blood, I am Albanian. By citizenship, an Indian. By faith, I am a Catholic nun. As to my calling, I belong to the world. As to my heart, I belong entirely to the Heart of Jesus.
Catholic Church titles
New creation Superior General of the Missionaries of Charity
1950–1997 		Succeeded by

Sister Nirmala Joshi, M.C.
Awards
Preceded by

Genevieve Caulfield

 Ramon Magsaysay Award
1962 		Succeeded by

Peace Corps
New award Templeton Prize
1973 		Succeeded by

Frère Roger
Preceded by

Anwar El Sadat, Menachem Begin

 Nobel Peace Prize
1979 		Succeeded by

Adolfo Pérez Esquivel
Preceded by

K. Kamaraj

 Bharat Ratna
1980 		Succeeded by

Vinoba Bhave
Источник

Saint

Teresa of Calcutta

MC
Mother Teresa 1.jpg

Mother Teresa in 1995
Virgin
Born Anjezë Gonxhe Bojaxhiu
26 August 1910
Üsküp, Kosovo Vilayet, Ottoman Empire
(present-day Skopje, North Macedonia)
Died 5 September 1997 (aged 87)
Calcutta, West Bengal, India
Venerated in Catholic Church
Beatified 19 October 2003, Saint Peter’s Square, Vatican City by Pope John Paul II
Canonized 4 September 2016, Saint Peter’s Square, Vatican City by Pope Francis
Major shrine Mother House of the Missionaries of Charity, Calcutta, West Bengal, India
Feast 5 September[1]
Patronage
  • World Youth Day
  • Missionaries of Charity
  • Archdiocese of Calcutta (co-patron)[2][3]
Title Superior general
Personal
Religion Catholicism
Nationality
  • Ottoman subject (1910–1912)
  • Serbian subject (1912–1915)
  • Bulgarian subject (1915–1918)
  • Yugoslavian subject (1918–1943)
  • Yugoslavian citizen (1943–1948)
  • Indian subject (1948–1950)
  • Indian citizen[4] (1950–1997)
  • Albanian citizen[5] (1991–1997)
  • Honorary American citizenship (awarded 1996)
Denomination Catholic
Signature Signature of Mother Teresa.svg
Institute
  • Sisters of Loreto (1928–1948)
  • Missionaries of Charity (1950–1997)
Senior posting
Period in office 1950–1997
Successor Sr. Nirmala Joshi, MC

Mary Teresa Bojaxhiu, MC (pronounced [bɔjaˈdʒiu]; 26 August 1910 – 5 September 1997), better known as Mother Teresa (Albanian: Nënë Tereza), was an Indian-Albanian Catholic nun who, in 1950, founded the Missionaries of Charity. Anjezë Gonxhe Bojaxhiu (pronounced [aˈɲɛzə ˈɡɔndʒɛ bɔjaˈdʒiu]) was born in Skopje—at the time, part of the Ottoman Empire.[a] After eighteen years, she moved to Ireland and then to India, where she lived most of her life. Saint Teresa of Calcutta[b] was canonised on 4 September 2016. The anniversary of her death is her feast day.

After Mother Teresa founded her religious congregation, it grew to have over 4,500 nuns and was active in 133 countries as of 2012.[6] The congregation manages homes for people who are dying of HIV/AIDS, leprosy, and tuberculosis. The congregation also runs soup kitchens, dispensaries, mobile clinics, children’s and family counselling programmes, as well as orphanages and schools. Members take vows of chastity, poverty, and obedience and also profess a fourth vow: to give «wholehearted free service to the poorest of the poor.»[7]

Mother Teresa received several honours, including the 1962 Ramon Magsaysay Peace Prize and the 1979 Nobel Peace Prize. A controversial figure during her life and after her death, Mother Teresa was admired by many for her charitable work. She was praised and criticised on various counts, such as for her views on abortion and contraception, and was criticized for poor conditions in her houses for the dying. Her authorized biography was written by Navin Chawla and published in 1992, and she has been the subject of other books as well as films. On 6 September 2017, Mother Teresa and Saint Francis Xavier were named co-patrons of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Calcutta.

Biography

Early life

Urban stone-and-glass building

Mother Teresa’s given name was Anjezë Gonxhe (or Gonxha)[8][page needed] Bojaxhiu (Albanian: [aˈɲɛzə ˈɡɔndʒɛ bɔjaˈdʒiu]—Anjezë is a cognate of «Agnes»; Gonxhe means «rosebud» or «little flower» in Albanian. She was born on 26 August 1910 into a Kosovar Albanian family[9][10][11] in Skopje, Ottoman Empire (now the capital of North Macedonia).[12][13] She was baptised in Skopje the day after her birth.[8] She later considered 27 August, the day she was baptised, her «true birthday».[12]

She was the youngest child of Nikollë and Dranafile Bojaxhiu (Bernai).[14] Her father, who was involved in Albanian-community politics in Ottoman Macedonia, died in 1919 when she was eight years old.[12][c] He was born in Prizren (today in Kosovo), however, his family was from Mirdita (present-day Albania).[15][16] Her mother may have been from a village near Gjakova,[17] believed by her offspring to be Bishtazhin.[18]

According to a biography by Joan Graff Clucas, Anjezë was in her early years when she became fascinated by stories of the lives of missionaries and their service in Bengal; by age 12, she was convinced that she should commit herself to religious life.[19] Her resolve strengthened on 15 August 1928 as she prayed at the shrine of the Black Madonna of Vitina-Letnice, where she often went on pilgrimages.[20]

Anjezë left home in 1928 at age 18 to join the Sisters of Loreto at Loreto Abbey in Rathfarnham, Ireland, to learn English with the intent of becoming a missionary; English was the language of instruction of the Sisters of Loreto in India.[21] She saw neither her mother nor her sister again.[22] Her family lived in Skopje until 1934, when they moved to Tirana.[23]

She arrived in India in 1929[24] and began her novitiate in Darjeeling, in the lower Himalayas,[25] where she learned Bengali and taught at St. Teresa’s School near her convent.[26] She took her first religious vows on 24 May 1931. She chose to be named after Thérèse de Lisieux, the patron saint of missionaries;[27][28] because a nun in the convent had already chosen that name, she opted for its Spanish spelling of Teresa.[29]

Teresa took her solemn vows on 14 May 1937 while she was a teacher at the Loreto convent school in Entally, eastern Calcutta, taking the style of ‘Mother’ as part of Loreto custom.[12][30][31] She served there for nearly twenty years and was appointed its headmistress in 1944.[32] Although Mother Teresa enjoyed teaching at the school, she was increasingly disturbed by the poverty surrounding her in Calcutta.[33] The Bengal famine of 1943 brought misery and death to the city, and the August 1946 Direct Action Day began a period of Muslim-Hindu violence.[34]

In 1946, during a visit to Darjeeling by train, Mother Teresa felt that she heard the call of her inner conscience to serve the poor of India for Jesus. She asked for and received permission to leave the school. In 1950, she founded the Missionaries of Charity, choosing a white sari with two blue borders as the order’s habit.

Missionaries of Charity

Three-story building with a sign and a statue

On 10 September 1946, Teresa experienced what she later described as «the call within the call» when she travelled by train to the Loreto convent in Darjeeling from Calcutta for her annual retreat. «I was to leave the convent and help the poor while living among them. It was an order. To fail would have been to break the faith.»[35] Joseph Langford later wrote, «Though no one knew it at the time, Sister Teresa had just become Mother Teresa».[36]

She began missionary work with the poor in 1948,[24] replacing her traditional Loreto habit with a simple, white cotton sari with a blue border. Mother Teresa adopted Indian citizenship, spent several months in Patna to receive basic medical training at Holy Family Hospital and ventured into the slums.[37][38] She founded a school in Motijhil, Calcutta, before she began tending to the poor and hungry.[39] At the beginning of 1949, Mother Teresa was joined in her effort by a group of young women, and she laid the foundation for a new religious community helping the «poorest among the poor».[40]

Her efforts quickly caught the attention of Indian officials, including the prime minister.[41] Mother Teresa wrote in her diary that her first year was fraught with difficulty. With no income, she begged for food and supplies and experienced doubt, loneliness and the temptation to return to the comfort of convent life during these early months:

Our Lord wants me to be a free nun covered with the poverty of the cross. Today, I learned a good lesson. The poverty of the poor must be so hard for them. While looking for a home I walked and walked till my arms and legs ached. I thought how much they must ache in body and soul, looking for a home, food and health. Then, the comfort of Loreto [her former congregation] came to tempt me. «You have only to say the word and all that will be yours again», the Tempter kept on saying. … Of free choice, my God, and out of love for you, I desire to remain and do whatever be your Holy will in my regard. I did not let a single tear come.[42]

Four nuns in sandals and white-and-blue saris

Missionaries of Charity in traditional saris

On 7 October 1950, Mother Teresa received Vatican permission for the diocesan congregation, which would become the Missionaries of Charity.[43] In her words, it would care for «the hungry, the naked, the homeless, the crippled, the blind, the lepers, all those people who feel unwanted, unloved, uncared for throughout society, people that have become a burden to the society and are shunned by everyone».[44]

In 1952, Mother Teresa opened her first hospice with help from Calcutta officials. She converted an abandoned Hindu temple into the Kalighat Home for the Dying, free for the poor, and renamed it Kalighat, the Home of the Pure Heart (Nirmal Hriday).[45] Those brought to the home received medical attention and the opportunity to die with dignity in accordance with their faith: Muslims were read the Quran, Hindus received water from the Ganges, and Catholics received extreme unction.[46] «A beautiful death», Mother Teresa said, «is for people who lived like animals to die like angels—loved and wanted.»[46]

White, older building

Nirmal Hriday, Mother Teresa’s Calcutta hospice, in 2007

She opened a hospice for those with leprosy, calling it Shanti Nagar (City of Peace).[47] The Missionaries of Charity established leprosy-outreach clinics throughout Calcutta, providing medication, dressings and food.[48] The Missionaries of Charity took in an increasing number of homeless children; in 1955, Mother Teresa opened Nirmala Shishu Bhavan, the Children’s Home of the Immaculate Heart, as a haven for orphans and homeless youth.[49]

The congregation began to attract recruits and donations, and by the 1960s it had opened hospices, orphanages and leper houses throughout India. Mother Teresa then expanded the congregation abroad, opening a house in Venezuela in 1965 with five sisters.[50] Houses followed in Italy (Rome), Tanzania and Austria in 1968, and, during the 1970s, the congregation opened houses and foundations in the United States and dozens of countries in Asia, Africa and Europe.[51]

The Missionaries of Charity Brothers was founded in 1963, and a contemplative branch of the Sisters followed in 1976. Lay Catholics and non-Catholics were enrolled in the Co-Workers of Mother Teresa, the Sick and Suffering Co-Workers, and the Lay Missionaries of Charity. Responding to requests by many priests, in 1981, Mother Teresa founded the Corpus Christi Movement for Priests[52] and with Joseph Langford founded the Missionaries of Charity Fathers in 1984 to combine the vocational aims of the Missionaries of Charity with the resources of the priesthood.[53]

By 1997, the 13-member Calcutta congregation had grown to more than 4,000 sisters who managed orphanages, AIDS hospices and charity centers worldwide, caring for refugees, the blind, disabled, aged, alcoholics, the poor and homeless and victims of floods, epidemics and famine.[54] By 2007, the Missionaries of Charity numbered about 450 brothers and 5,000 sisters worldwide, operating 600 missions, schools and shelters in 120 countries.[55]

International charity

Mother Teresa said, «By blood, I am Albanian. By citizenship, an Indian. By faith, I am a Catholic nun. As to my calling, I belong to the world. As to my heart, I belong entirely to the Heart of Jesus.»[4] Fluent in five languages – Bengali,[56] Albanian, Serbian, English and Hindi – she made occasional trips outside India for humanitarian reasons.[57]

At the height of the Siege of Beirut in 1982, Mother Teresa rescued 37 children trapped in a front-line hospital by brokering a temporary cease-fire between the Israeli army and Palestinian guerrillas.[58] Accompanied by Red Cross workers, she travelled through the war zone to the hospital to evacuate the young patients.[59]

When Eastern Europe experienced increased openness in the late 1980s, Mother Teresa expanded her efforts to Communist countries which had rejected the Missionaries of Charity. She began dozens of projects, undeterred by criticism of her stands against abortion and divorce: «No matter who says what, you should accept it with a smile and do your own work.» She visited Armenia after the 1988 earthquake[60] and met with Soviet Premier Nikolai Ryzhkov.[61]

Mother Teresa travelled to assist the hungry in Ethiopia, radiation victims at Chernobyl and earthquake victims in Armenia.[62][63][64] In 1991 she returned to Albania for the first time, opening a Missionaries of Charity Brothers home in Tirana.[65]

By 1996, the Missionaries of Charity operated 517 missions in over 100 countries.[66] The number of sisters in the Missionaries of Charity grew from twelve to thousands, serving the «poorest of the poor» in 450 centres worldwide. The first Missionaries of Charity home in the United States was established in the South Bronx area of New York City, and by 1984 the congregation operated 19 establishments throughout the country.[67]

Declining health and death

Mother Teresa had a heart attack in Rome in 1983 while she was visiting Pope John Paul II. Following a second attack in 1989, she received a pacemaker.[68] In 1991, after a bout of pneumonia in Mexico, she had additional heart problems. Although Mother Teresa offered to resign as head of the Missionaries of Charity, in a secret ballot the sisters of the congregation voted for her to stay, and she agreed to continue.[69]

In April 1996, Mother Teresa fell, breaking her collarbone, and four months later she had malaria and heart failure. Although she underwent heart surgery, her health was clearly declining. According to Archbishop of Calcutta Henry Sebastian D’Souza, he ordered a priest to perform an exorcism (with her permission) when she was first hospitalised with cardiac problems because he thought she might be under attack by the devil.[70]

On 13 March 1997, Mother Teresa resigned as head of the Missionaries of Charity. She died on 5 September.[71][72] At the time of her death, the Missionaries of Charity had over 4,000 sisters and an associated brotherhood of 300 members operating 610 missions in 123 countries.[73] These included hospices and homes for people with HIV/AIDS, leprosy and tuberculosis, soup kitchens, children’s and family counselling programmes, orphanages and schools. The Missionaries of Charity were aided by co-workers numbering over one million by the 1990s.[74]

Mother Teresa lay in repose in an open casket in St Thomas, Calcutta, for a week before her funeral. She received a state funeral from the Indian government in gratitude for her service to the poor of all religions in the country.[75] Cardinal Secretary of State Angelo Sodano, the Pope’s representative, delivered the homily at the service.[76] Mother Teresa’s death was mourned in the secular and religious communities. Prime Minister of Pakistan Nawaz Sharif called her «a rare and unique individual who lived long for higher purposes. Her life-long devotion to the care of the poor, the sick, and the disadvantaged was one of the highest examples of service to our humanity.»[77] According to former U.N. Secretary-General Javier Pérez de Cuéllar, «She is the United Nations. She is peace in the world.»[77]

Recognition and reception

India

From the Indian government, under the name of Mary Teresa Bojaxhiu, Mother Teresa was issued a diplomatic passport.[78] She received the Padma Shri in 1962 and the Jawaharlal Nehru Award for International Understanding in 1969.[79] She later received other Indian awards, including the Bharat Ratna (India’s highest civilian award) in 1980.[80] Mother Teresa’s official biography, by Navin Chawla, was published in 1992.[81] In Calcutta, she is worshipped as a deity by some Hindus.[82]

To commemorate the 100th anniversary of her birth, the government of India issued a special ₹5 coin (the amount of money Mother Teresa had when she arrived in India) on 28 August 2010. President Pratibha Patil said, «Clad in a white sari with a blue border, she and the sisters of Missionaries of Charity became a symbol of hope to many—namely, the aged, the destitute, the unemployed, the diseased, the terminally ill, and those abandoned by their families.»[83]

Indian views of Mother Teresa are not uniformly favourable. Aroup Chatterjee, a physician born and raised in Calcutta who was an activist in the city’s slums for years around 1980 before moving to the UK, said that he «never even saw any nuns in those slums».[84] His research, involving more than 100 interviews with volunteers, nuns and others familiar with the Missionaries of Charity, was described in a 2003 book critical of Mother Teresa.[84] Chatterjee criticized her for promoting a «cult of suffering» and a distorted, negative image of Calcutta, exaggerating work done by her mission and misusing funds and privileges at her disposal.[84][85] According to him, some of the hygiene problems he had criticized (such as the reuse of needles) improved after Mother Teresa’s death in 1997.[84]

Bikash Ranjan Bhattacharya, mayor of Calcutta from 2005 to 2010, said that «she had no significant impact on the poor of this city», glorified illness instead of treating it and misrepresented the city: «No doubt there was poverty in Calcutta, but it was never a city of lepers and beggars, as Mother Teresa presented it.»[86] On the Hindu right, the Bharatiya Janata Party clashed with Mother Teresa over the Christian Dalits but praised her in death and sent a representative to her funeral.[87] Vishwa Hindu Parishad, however, opposed the government decision to grant her a state funeral. Secretary Giriraj Kishore said that «her first duty was to the Church and social service was incidental», accusing her of favouring Christians and conducting «secret baptisms» of the dying.[88][89] In a front-page tribute, the Indian fortnightly Frontline dismissed the charges as «patently false» and said that they had «made no impact on the public perception of her work, especially in Calcutta». Praising her «selfless caring», energy and bravery, the author of the tribute criticised Teresa’s public campaign against abortion and her claim to be non-political.[90]

In February 2015 Mohan Bhagwat, leader of the Hindu right-wing organisation Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, said that Mother Teresa’s objective was «to convert the person, who was being served, into a Christian».[91] Former RSS spokesperson M. G. Vaidhya supported Bhagwat’s assessment, and the organisation accused the media of «distorting facts about Bhagwat’s remarks». Trinamool Congress MP Derek O’Brien, CPI leader Atul Anjan and Delhi chief minister Arvind Kejriwal protested Bhagwat’s statement.[92] In 1991[93] the country’s first modern University, Senate of Serampore College (University) awarded a honorary doctorate during registrarship of D. S. Satyaranjan.

Elsewhere

US President Ronald Regan and Nancy Reagan with Mother Teresa, standing at a microphone

Mother Teresa received the Ramon Magsaysay Award for Peace and International Understanding, given for work in South or East Asia, in 1962. According to its citation, «The Board of Trustees recognises her merciful cognisance of the abject poor of a foreign land, in whose service she has led a new congregation».[94] By the early 1970s, Mother Teresa was an international celebrity. She had been catapulted to fame via Malcolm Muggeridge’s 1969 BBC documentary, Something Beautiful for God, before he released a 1971 book of the same name.[95] Muggeridge was undergoing a spiritual journey of his own at the time.[96] During filming, footage shot in poor lighting (particularly at the Home for the Dying) was thought unlikely to be usable by the crew; the crew had been using new, untested photographic film. In England, the footage was found to be extremely well-lit and Muggeridge called it a miracle of «divine light» from Teresa.[97] Other crew members said that it was due to a new type of ultra-sensitive Kodak film.[98] Muggeridge later converted to Catholicism.[99]

Around this time, the Catholic world began to honour Mother Teresa publicly. Pope Paul VI gave her the inaugural Pope John XXIII Peace Prize in 1971, commending her work with the poor, her display of Christian charity and her efforts for peace.[100] She received the Pacem in Terris Award in 1976.[101] After her death, Teresa progressed rapidly on the road to sainthood.

She was honoured by governments and civilian organisations and appointed an honorary Companion of the Order of Australia in 1982 «for service to the community of Australia and humanity at large».[102] The United Kingdom and the United States bestowed a number of awards, culminating in the Order of Merit in 1983 and honorary citizenship of the United States on 16 November 1996.[103] Mother Teresa’s Albanian homeland gave her the Golden Honour of the Nation in 1994,[90] but her acceptance of this and the Haitian Legion of Honour was controversial. Mother Teresa was criticised for implicitly supporting the Duvaliers and corrupt businessmen such as Charles Keating and Robert Maxwell; she wrote to the judge of Keating’s trial requesting clemency.[90][104]

Universities in India and the West granted her honorary degrees.[90] Other civilian awards included the Balzan Prize for promoting humanity, peace and brotherhood among peoples (1978)[105] and the Albert Schweitzer International Prize (1975).[106] In April 1976, Mother Teresa visited the University of Scranton in northeastern Pennsylvania, where she received the La Storta Medal for Human Service from university president William J. Byron.[107] She challenged an audience of 4,500 to «know poor people in your own home and local neighbourhood», feeding others or simply spreading joy and love.[108] Mother Teresa continued: «The poor will help us grow in sanctity, for they are Christ in the guise of distress».[107] In August 1987, Mother Teresa received an honorary doctor of social science degree from the university in recognition of her service and her ministry to help the destitute and sick.[109] She spoke to over 4,000 students and members of the Diocese of Scranton[110] about her service to the «poorest of the poor», telling them to «do small things with great love».[111]

During her lifetime, Mother Teresa was among the top 10 women in the annual Gallup’s most admired man and woman poll 18 times, finishing first several times in the 1980s and 1990s.[112] In 1999 she headed Gallup’s List of Most Widely Admired People of the 20th Century,[113] out-polling all other volunteered answers by a wide margin. She was first in all major demographic categories except the very young.[113][114]

Nobel Peace Prize

External video
video icon Mother Teresa’s 1979 Nobel Peace Prize acceptance speech

In 1979, Mother Teresa received the Nobel Peace Prize «for work undertaken in the struggle to overcome poverty and distress, which also constitutes a threat to peace».[115] She refused the conventional ceremonial banquet for laureates, asking that its $192,000 cost be given to the poor in India[116] and saying that earthly rewards were important only if they helped her to help the world’s needy. When Mother Teresa received the prize she was asked, «What can we do to promote world peace?» She answered, «Go home and love your family.» Building on this theme in her Nobel lecture, she said: «Around the world, not only in the poor countries, but I found the poverty of the West so much more difficult to remove. When I pick up a person from the street, hungry, I give him a plate of rice, a piece of bread, I have satisfied. I have removed that hunger. But a person that is shut out, that feels unwanted, unloved, terrified, the person that has been thrown out from society – that poverty is so hurtable [sic] and so much, and I find that very difficult.»

Social and political views

Mother Teresa singled out abortion as «the greatest destroyer of peace today. Because if a mother can kill her own child – what is left for me to kill you and you kill me – there is nothing between.»[117]

Barbara Smoker of the secular humanist magazine The Freethinker criticised Mother Teresa after the Peace Prize award, saying that her promotion of Catholic moral teachings on abortion and contraception diverted funds from effective methods to solve India’s problems.[118] At the Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing, Mother Teresa said: «Yet we can destroy this gift of motherhood, especially by the evil of abortion, but also by thinking that other things like jobs or positions are more important than loving.»[119]

Criticism

According to a paper by Canadian academics Serge Larivée, Geneviève Chénard and Carole Sénéchal, Mother Teresa’s clinics received millions of dollars in donations but lacked medical care, systematic diagnosis, necessary nutrition and sufficient analgesics for those in pain;[120] in the opinion of the three academics, «Mother Teresa believed the sick must suffer like Christ on the cross».[121] It was said that the additional money might have transformed the health of the city’s poor by creating advanced palliative care facilities.[122][123]

One of Mother Teresa’s most outspoken critics was English journalist and antitheist Christopher Hitchens, host of the documentary Hell’s Angel (1994) and author of the essay The Missionary Position: Mother Teresa in Theory and Practice (1995) who wrote in a 2003 article: «This returns us to the medieval corruption of the church, which sold indulgences to the rich while preaching hellfire and continence to the poor. [Mother Teresa] was not a friend of the poor. She was a friend of poverty. She said that suffering was a gift from God. She spent her life opposing the only known cure for poverty, which is the empowerment of women and the emancipation of them from a livestock version of compulsory reproduction.»[124] He accused her of hypocrisy for choosing advanced treatment for her heart condition.[125][126] Hitchens said that «her intention was not to help people», and that she lied to donors about how their contributions were used. «It was by talking to her that I discovered, and she assured me, that she wasn’t working to alleviate poverty», he said, «She was working to expand the number of Catholics. She said, ‘I’m not a social worker. I don’t do it for this reason. I do it for Christ. I do it for the church‘«.[127] Although Hitchens thought he was the only witness called by the Holy See, Aroup Chatterjee (author of Mother Teresa: The Untold Story) was also called to present evidence opposing Mother Teresa’s beatification and canonisation.[128]

In 1994, Mother Teresa argued that the sexual abuse allegations against Jesuit priest Donald McGuire were untrue. When he was convicted of sexually molesting multiple children in 2006, Mother Teresa’s defense of him was criticised.[129][130]

Abortion-rights groups have also criticised Mother Teresa’s stance against abortion and contraception.[131][132][133]

Spiritual life

Analysing her deeds and achievements, Pope John Paul II said: «Where did Mother Teresa find the strength and perseverance to place herself completely at the service of others? She found it in prayer and in the silent contemplation of Jesus Christ, his Holy Face, his Sacred Heart.»[134] Privately, Mother Teresa experienced doubts and struggle in her religious beliefs which lasted nearly 50 years, until the end of her life.[135] Mother Teresa expressed grave doubts about God’s existence and pain over her lack of faith:

Where is my faith? Even deep down […] there is nothing but emptiness and darkness. […] If there be God – please forgive me. When I try to raise my thoughts to Heaven, there is such convicting emptiness that those very thoughts return like sharp knives and hurt my very soul.[136]

Outdoor bas-relief plaque

Plaque dedicated to Mother Teresa in Wenceslas Square, Olomouc, Czech Republic

Other saints (including Teresa’s namesake Thérèse of Lisieux, who called it a «night of nothingness») had similar experiences of spiritual dryness.[137] According to James Langford, these doubts were typical and would not be an impediment to canonisation.[137]

After ten years of doubt, Mother Teresa described a brief period of renewed faith. After Pope Pius XII’s death in 1958, she was praying for him at a requiem mass when she was relieved of «the long darkness: that strange suffering.» However, five weeks later her spiritual dryness returned.[138]

Mother Teresa wrote many letters to her confessors and superiors over a 66-year period, most notably to Calcutta Archbishop Ferdinand Perier and Jesuit priest Celeste van Exem (her spiritual advisor since the formation of the Missionaries of Charity).[139] She requested that her letters be destroyed, concerned that «people will think more of me – less of Jesus.»[96][140]

Semi-abstract painting honouring Mother Teresa

However, the correspondence was compiled in Mother Teresa: Come Be My Light.[96][141] Mother Teresa wrote to spiritual confidant Michael van der Peet, «Jesus has a very special love for you. [But] as for me, the silence and the emptiness is so great, that I look and do not see – listen and do not hear – the tongue moves [in prayer] but does not speak. […] I want you to pray for me – that I let Him have [a] free hand.»

In Deus caritas est (his first encyclical), Pope Benedict XVI mentioned Mother Teresa three times and used her life to clarify one of the encyclical’s main points: «In the example of Blessed Teresa of Calcutta we have a clear illustration of the fact that time devoted to God in prayer not only does not detract from effective and loving service to our neighbour but is in fact the inexhaustible source of that service.»[142] She wrote, «It is only by mental prayer and spiritual reading that we can cultivate the gift of prayer.»[143]

Although her order was not connected with the Franciscan orders, Mother Teresa admired Francis of Assisi[144] and was influenced by Franciscan spirituality. The Sisters of Charity recite the prayer of Saint Francis every morning at Mass during the thanksgiving after Communion, and their emphasis on ministry and many of their vows are similar.[144] Francis emphasised poverty, chastity, obedience and submission to Christ. He devoted much of his life to serving the poor, particularly lepers.[145]

Canonization

Miracle and beatification

After Mother Teresa’s death in 1997, the Holy See began the process of beatification (the second of three steps towards canonization) and Brian Kolodiejchuk was appointed postulator by the Diocese of Calcutta. Although he said, «We didn’t have to prove that she was perfect or never made a mistake», he had to prove that Mother Teresa’s virtue was heroic. Kolodiejchuk submitted 76 documents, totalling 35,000 pages, which were based on interviews with 113 witnesses who were asked to answer 263 questions.[146]

The process of canonisation requires the documentation of a miracle resulting from the intercession of the prospective saint.[147] In 2002 the Vatican recognised as a miracle the healing of a tumour in the abdomen of Monica Besra, an Indian woman, after the application of a locket containing Teresa’s picture. According to Besra, a beam of light emanated from the picture and her cancerous tumour was cured; however, her husband and some of her medical staff said that conventional medical treatment eradicated the tumour.[148] Ranjan Mustafi, who told The New York Times he had treated Besra, said that the cyst was caused by tuberculosis: «It was not a miracle … She took medicines for nine months to one year.»[149] According to Besra’s husband, «My wife was cured by the doctors and not by any miracle […] This miracle is a hoax.»[150] Besra said that her medical records, including sonograms, prescriptions and physicians’ notes, were confiscated by Sister Betta of the Missionaries of Charity. According to Time, calls to Sister Betta and the office of Sister Nirmala (Teresa’s successor as head of the order) produced no comment. Officials at Balurghat Hospital, where Besra sought medical treatment, said that they were pressured by the order to call her cure miraculous.[150] In February 2000, former West Bengal health minister Partho De ordered a review of Besra’s medical records at the Department of Health in Calcutta. According to De, there was nothing unusual about her illness and cure based on her lengthy treatment. He said that he had refused to give the Vatican the name of a doctor who would certify that Monica Besra’s healing was a miracle.[151]

During Mother Teresa’s beatification and canonisation, the Vatican studied published and unpublished criticism of her life and work. Christopher Hitchens and Chatterjee (author of The Final Verdict, a book critical of Mother Teresa) spoke to the tribunal; according to Vatican officials, the allegations raised were investigated by the Congregation for the Causes of Saints.[146] The group found no obstacle to Mother Teresa’s canonisation, and issued its nihil obstat on 21 April 1999.[152][153] Because of the attacks on her, some Catholic writers called her a sign of contradiction.[154] Mother Teresa was beatified on 19 October 2003, and was known by Catholics as «Blessed».[155]

Canonization

On 17 December 2015, the Vatican Press Office confirmed that Pope Francis recognised a second miracle attributed to Mother Teresa: the healing of a Brazilian man with multiple brain tumours back in 2008.[156] The miracle first came to the attention of the postulation (officials managing the cause) during the events of World Youth Day 2013 when the pope was in Brazil that July. A subsequent investigation took place in Brazil from 19–26 June 2015 which was later transferred to the Congregation for the Causes of Saints who issued a decree recognizing the investigation to be completed.[156]

Pope Francis canonised her at a ceremony on 4 September 2016 in St. Peter’s Square in Vatican City. Tens of thousands of people witnessed the ceremony, including 15 government delegations and 1,500 homeless people from across Italy.[157][158] It was televised live on the Vatican channel and streamed online; Skopje, Mother Teresa’s hometown, announced a week-long celebration of her canonisation.[157] In India, a special Mass was celebrated by the Missionaries of Charity in Calcutta.[158]

Co-Patron of Calcutta Archdiocese

On 4 September 2017, during a celebration honouring the 1st anniversary of her canonisation, Sister Mary Prema Pierick, Superior-General of the Missionaries of Charity, announced that Mother Teresa would be made the co-patron of the Calcutta Archdiocese during a Mass in the Cathedral of the Most Holy Rosary on 6 September 2017.[159] On 5 September 2017, Archbishop Thomas D’Souza, who serves as head of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Calcutta, confirmed that Mother Teresa would be named co-patron of the Calcutta Diocese, alongside Francis Xavier.[160][161] On 6 September 2017, about 500 people attended the Mass at a cathedral where Dominique Gomes, the local Vicar General,[162] read the decree instituting her as the second patron saint of the archdiocese.[163] The ceremony was also presided over by D’Souza and the Vatican’s ambassador to India, Giambattista Diquattro, who lead the Mass and inaugurated a bronze statue in the church of Mother Teresa carrying a child.[163]

The Catholic Church declared St. Francis Xavier the first patron saint of Calcutta in 1986.[163]

Legacy and depictions in popular culture

Commemorations

Airport terminal, with four trees in the foreground

Mother Teresa has been commemorated by museums and named the patroness of a number of churches. She has had buildings, roads and complexes named after her, including Albania’s international airport. Mother Teresa Day (Dita e Nënë Terezës), 19 October, is a public holiday in Albania. In 2009, the Memorial House of Mother Teresa was opened in her hometown of Skopje, North Macedonia. The Cathedral of Blessed Mother Teresa in Pristina, Kosovo, is named in her honour.[164] The demolition of a historic high school building to make way for the new construction initially sparked controversy in the local community, but the high school was later relocated to a new, more spacious campus. Consecrated on 5 September 2017, it became the first cathedral in Mother Teresa’s honour and the second extant one in Kosovo.[165]

Mother Teresa Women’s University,[166] in Kodaikanal, was established in 1984 as a public university by the government of Tamil Nadu. The Mother Teresa Postgraduate and Research Institute of Health Sciences,[167] in Pondicherry, was established in 1999 by the government of Puducherry. The charitable organisation Sevalaya runs the Mother Teresa Girls Home, providing poor and orphaned girls near the underserved village of Kasuva in Tamil Nadu with free food, clothing, shelter and education.[168] A number of tributes by Mother Teresa’s biographer, Navin Chawla, have appeared in Indian newspapers and magazines.[169][170][171] Indian Railways introduced the «Mother Express», a new train named after Mother Teresa, on 26 August 2010 to commemorate the centenary of her birth.[172] The Tamil Nadu government organised centenary celebrations honouring Mother Teresa on 4 December 2010 in Chennai, headed by chief minister M Karunanidhi.[173][174] Beginning on 5 September 2013, the anniversary of her death has been designated the International Day of Charity by the United Nations General Assembly.[175]

In 2012, Mother Teresa was ranked number 5 in Outlook India’s poll of the Greatest Indian.[176]

Sacred Heart University in Fairfield, Connecticut, has a residence hall named after her, called Teresa of Calcutta Hall.

Film and literature

Documentaries and books

  • Mother Teresa is the subject of the 1969 documentary film and 1972 book, Something Beautiful for God, by Malcolm Muggeridge.[177] The film has been credited with drawing the Western world’s attention to Mother Teresa.
  • Christopher Hitchens’ 1994 documentary, Hell’s Angel, argues that Mother Teresa urged the poor to accept their fate; the rich are portrayed as favoured by God.[178][179] It was the precursor of Hitchens’ essay, The Missionary Position: Mother Teresa in Theory and Practice.
  • Mother of The Century (2001) and Mother Teresa (2002) are short documentary films, about the life and work of Mother Teresa among the poor of India, directed by Amar Kumar Bhattacharya. They were produced by the Films Division of the Government of India.[180][181]
  • Mother Teresa: No Greater Love (2022) is a documentary film featuring unusual access to institutional archives and how her vision to serve Christ among the poor is being implemented through the Missionaries of Charity.[182]

Dramatic films and television

  • Mother Teresa appeared in Bible Ki Kahaniyan, an Indian Christian show based on the Bible which aired on DD National during the early 1990s. She introduced some of the episodes, laying down the importance of the Bible’s message.[183]
  • Geraldine Chaplin played Mother Teresa in Mother Teresa: In the Name of God’s Poor, which received a 1997 Art Film Festival award.[184]
  • She was played by Olivia Hussey in a 2003 Italian television miniseries, Mother Teresa of Calcutta.[185] Re-released in 2007, it received a CAMIE award.[186]
  • Mother Teresa was played by Juliet Stevenson in the 2014 film The Letters, which was based on her letters to Vatican priest Celeste van Exem.[187]
  • Mother Teresa, played by Cara Francis the FantasyGrandma, rap battled Sigmund Freud in Epic Rap Battles of History, a comedy rap YouTube series created by Nice Peter and Epic Lloyd. The rap was released on YouTube 22 September 2019.[188]
  • In the 2020 animated film Soul, Mother Teresa briefly appears as one of 22’s past mentors.

See also

  • Abdul Sattar Edhi
  • Albanians
  • List of Albanians
  • List of female Nobel laureates
  • The Greatest Indian
  • Roman Catholicism in Albania
  • Roman Catholicism in Kosovo
  • Roman Catholicism in North Macedonia

Notes

  1. ^ After World War I and the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire, Skopje became part of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, for the duration of Teresa’s childhood. Since the 1990s, Skopje has been the capital of Macedonia.
  2. ^ Albanian: Shën Tereza e Kalkutës; Bengali: কলকাতার সন্ত টেরিজা
  3. ^ Although some sources state she was 10 when her father died, in an interview with her brother, the Vatican documents her age at the time as «about eight».

References

  1. ^ «Canonisation of Mother Teresa – September 4th». Diocese of Killala. September 2016. Archived from the original on 8 September 2016. Retrieved 4 September 2016.
  2. ^ Manik Banerjee (6 September 2017). «Vatican declares Mother Teresa a patron saint of Calcutta». Associated Press, ABC News.com. Archived from the original on 6 September 2017. Retrieved 6 September 2017.
  3. ^ «Mother Teresa to be named co-patron of Calcutta Archdiocese on first canonization anniversary». First Post. 4 September 2017. Archived from the original on 26 April 2020. Retrieved 5 September 2017.
  4. ^ a b Cannon, Mae Elise (2013). Just Spirituality: How Faith Practices Fuel Social Action. InterVarsity Press. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-8308-3775-5. Archived from the original on 1 February 2022. Retrieved 3 September 2016. When asked about her personal history, Mother Teresa said: ‘By blood, I am Albanian. By citizenship, an Indian. By faith, I am a Catholic nun. As to my calling, I belong to the world. As to my heart, I belong entirely to the Heart of Jesus.’
  5. ^ shqiptare, bota. «Kur Nënë Tereza vinte në Tiranë/2». Archived from the original on 18 September 2016. Retrieved 4 September 2016.
  6. ^ Poplin, Mary (2011). Finding Calcutta: What Mother Teresa Taught Me About Meaningful Work and Service. InterVarsity Press. p. 112. ISBN 978-0-8308-6848-3. Archived from the original on 1 February 2022. Retrieved 3 October 2020.
  7. ^ Muggeridge (1971), chapter 3, «Mother Teresa Speaks», pp. 105, 113
  8. ^ a b Blessed Are You: Mother Teresa and the Beatitudes, ed. by Eileen Egan and Kathleen Egan, O.S.B., MJF Books: New York, 1992
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  20. ^ Greene 2004, p. 11
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  • Slavicek, Louise. Mother Teresa. New York: Infobase Publishing, 2007. ISBN 0-7910-9433-2.
  • Smoker, Barbara (1 February 1980). «Mother Teresa – Sacred Cow?». The Freethinker. Archived from the original on 5 September 2014. Retrieved 5 September 2014.
  • Spink, Kathryn. Mother Teresa: A Complete Authorized Biography. New York: HarperCollins, 1997. ISBN 0-06-250825-3
  • Teresa, Mother et al., Mother Teresa: In My Own Words. Gramercy Books, 1997. ISBN 0-517-20169-0.
  • Teresa, Mother, Mother Teresa: Come Be My Light: The Private Writings of the «Saint of Calcutta», edited with commentary by Brian Kolodiejchuk, New York: Doubleday, 2007. ISBN 0-385-52037-9.
  • Teresa, Mother, Where There Is Love, There Is God, edited and with an introduction by Brian Kolodiejchuk, New York: Doubleday, 2010. ISBN 0-385-53178-8.
  • Williams, Paul. Mother Teresa. Indianapolis: Alpha Books, 2002. ISBN 0-02-864278-3.
  • Wüllenweber, Walter. «Nehmen ist seliger denn geben. Mutter Teresa – wo sind ihre Millionen?» Stern (illustrated German weekly), 10 September 1998. English translation.

External links

  • Official website
  • Mother Teresa memorial with gallery (in Russian)
  • Mother Teresa on Nobelprize.org Edit this at Wikidata
  • Mother Teresa collected news and commentary at The New York Times
  • Appearances on C-SPAN
  • Mother Teresa at Missionaries of Charity Fathers
  • «Whatsoever You Do …» Speech at National Prayer Breakfast. Washington, D.C.: Priests for Life. 3 February 1994.
  • Noonan, Peggy (February 1998). «Still, Small Voice». Crisis. 16 (2): 12–17. Mother Teresa broke almost all the rules of good speech writing during her National Prayer Breakfast address in 1994, but delivered an enormously powerful and deeply memorable speech.
  • Parenti, Michael (22 October 2007). «Mother Teresa, John Paul II, and the Fast-Track Saints». Common Dreams.
  • Mother Teresa contrasts:
    • Van Biema, David (23 August 2007). «Mother Teresa’s Crisis of Faith». Time. Jesus has a very special love for you. [But] as for me – The silence and the emptiness is so great – that I look and do not see, –Listen and do not hear.
    • «From Sister to Mother to Saint: The journey of Mother Teresa». News Karnataka. 31 August 2016. By blood, I am Albanian. By citizenship, an Indian. By faith, I am a Catholic nun. As to my calling, I belong to the world. As to my heart, I belong entirely to the Heart of Jesus.
Catholic Church titles
New creation Superior General of the Missionaries of Charity
1950–1997 		Succeeded by

Sister Nirmala Joshi, M.C.
Awards
Preceded by

Genevieve Caulfield

 Ramon Magsaysay Award
1962 		Succeeded by

Peace Corps
New award Templeton Prize
1973 		Succeeded by

Frère Roger
Preceded by

Anwar El Sadat, Menachem Begin

 Nobel Peace Prize
1979 		Succeeded by

Adolfo Pérez Esquivel
Preceded by

K. Kamaraj

 Bharat Ratna
1980 		Succeeded by

Vinoba Bhave
Источник

Мать Тереза

Мать Тереза
Мать Тереза

Монахиня (в миру — Агнес Гонджа Бояджиу, 1910—1997), которая сделала свою жизнь примером подвижнического социального служения религиозного человека. Родилась в г. Скопле (в то время под властью Турции, с 946 — столица Македонии) в благополучной албанской семье. В годы Первой мировой войны беженкой оказалась в Ирландии, где приняла постриг в католическом ордене «Ирландские сестры Лоре-то» и новое имя — Тереза. В 1929 г. приехала в Индию, где первое время преподавала географию в миссионерской школе для девочек. Спус-

тя 15 лет основала свой монашеский орден — «Орден милосердия», который стал действовать в трущобах Калькутты, оказывая помощь больным, умирающим, сиротам, всем нуждающимся в сочувствии и поддержке. Проповедуя идеи милосердия и сострадания, мать Тереза смогла привлечь на свою сторону немало сторонников и попечителей, при помощи которых отделения «Ордена милосердия» стали работать в 77 странах мира (по состоянию на 1987 г.), опекая приюты, больницы, хосписы.

Лауреат Нобелевской премии мира (1979). Имя матери Терезы стало всемирно известным как символ деятельного служения людям, девизом которого могут считаться ее слова: «…Все мы связаны друг с другом, принадлежим друг другу и обязаны друг другу помогать» (цит. по журналу «Новое время», № 36, 1987).

Используется: как шутливый синоним деятельной, отзывчивой женщины, которая всячески стремится помочь своим ближним.

Энциклопедический словарь крылатых слов и выражений. — М.: «Локид-Пресс».
.
2003.

.

Полезное

Смотреть что такое «Мать Тереза» в других словарях:

  • мать Тереза — Биография матери Терезы Католическая монахиня мать Тереза Калькуттская (в миру Агнес Гонджа Бояджиу) родилась 26 августа 1910 года в Османской империи (ныне – территория Македонии) в городе Ускюб (ныне – Скопье). Сама мать Тереза… …   Энциклопедия ньюсмейкеров

  • Мать Тереза — Блаженная Тереза Калькуттская Имя при рождении …   Википедия

  • Мать Тереза Калькуттская (фильм, 2003) — У этого термина существуют и другие значения, см. Мать Тереза. Мать Тереза Калькуттская Mother Teresa of Calcutta Жан …   Википедия

  • Тереза (мать Тереза) — ТЕРÉЗА (Teresa), мать Тереза (в миру Агнес Гонджа Бояджиу, Bojaxhiu) (1910–1997), основательница (1950, в Калькутте, Индия) и настоятельница католич. Ордена милосердия. В разл. странах основывала школы, мед. пункты, приюты для бедняков. Ноб …   Биографический словарь

  • Мать Тереза — 1. Жарг. шк. Шутл. Школьная медсестра. Максимов, 241. 2. Жарг. мол. Ирон. Человек, который обещал помочь и не помог кому л. Максимов, 241 …   Большой словарь русских поговорок

  • Блаженная Мать Тереза Калькуттская — Сама мать Тереза считала днем своего рождения день крещения – 27 сентября. Ее родители были состоятельными албанцами‑католиками. Отец был совладельцем крупной строительной фирмы и преуспевающим торговцем. Он скончался в 1919 г., мать… …   Энциклопедия ньюсмейкеров

  • ТЕРЕЗА — МАТЬ ТЕРЕЗА (1910 1997), католическая монахиня, основательница Ордена милосердия, монашеской конгрегации, занимающейся служением бедным и больным. В 1979 мать Тереза была удостоена Нобелевской премии мира. Мать Тереза (Агнес Гонджа Бояджиу)… …   Энциклопедия Кольера

  • Тереза — I из Лизьё (Thérèsa de Lisieux), Тереза младенца Иисуса и Св. Лика (1873 1897), французская монахиня кармелитка, святая Римско католической церкви. В XX в. известность получила её духовная автобиография «История одной души» (1898). II мать Тереза …   Энциклопедический словарь

  • Мать (значения) — Мать: Мать  женщина по отношению к своим детям (см. Родственные отношения). Богиня мать, Мать Земля, Мать мира  в мифологии разных народов прародительница всего сущего. Богоматерь Мать книги  в исламе предвечный и несотворенный… …   Википедия

  • ТЕРЕЗА (Teresa) — (мать Тереза) (в миру Агнес Гонджа Бояджиу Bojaxhiu) (р. 1910), основательница (1950, Индия) и настоятельница католического Ордена милосердия. В различных странах основывала школы, медицинские пункты, приюты для бедняков. Нобелевская премия мира… …   Большой Энциклопедический словарь

Источник

Всего найдено: 463

Скажите, пожалуйста, какие буквы должны быть заглавными в наименовании организации «Евангелическо-лютеранская церковь»?
Встречаются варианты:
— Евангелическо-лютеранская церковь
— Евангелическо-лютеранская Церковь
— Евангелическо-Лютеранская Церковь
Я бы не хотел ориентироваться на частоту использования как на критерий правильности.

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Словарная фиксация: Евангелическо-лютеранская церковь (словарь «Прописная или строчная» В. В. Лопатина, И. В. Нечаевой и Л. К. Чельцовой, М., 2011).

Доброе утро!
Объясните, пожалуйста, почему в СПС «КонсультантПлюс» пишется:
«в ред. приказов Министерства финансов» (приказы со строчной)
но
«с изм., внесенными Постановлением Конституционного Суда» (постановления с прописной).

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Во мн. ч. «приказов» — не собственное наименование, прописная не нужна. В ед. ч. (в названии конкретного приказа) ситуация иная: нужна большая буква, если слово «Приказ» употребляется вместо полного названия документа (в функции полного названия).

Добрый день
Как правильно написать:
Пеппи Длинный Чулок или Пеппи Длинныйчулок

Спасибо!

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Словарная рекомендация: Пеппи Длинныйчулок. См.: Лопатин В. В., Нечаева И. В., Чельцова Л. К. Прописная или строчная? Орфографический словарь. М., 2011.

Как правильно пишется Аль-Фараби — А — заглавная. или а — прописная?
Спасибо!

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Правильно: аль-Фараби.

Прописная или строчная первая буква в словах «герб», «флаг», «гимн», др.официальных символах, относящихся к конкретному субъекту — краю, городу? Употребление в официальных документах? Например, «герб (или Герб) Красноярского края».
Спасибо.

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Эти слова пишутся строчными (в т. ч. в официальных документах): герб Красноярского края. Если речь идет о государственном гербе, гимне, флаге России, то с большой буквы пишется только прилагательное (и только в официальных документах): Государственный герб РФ, Государственный гимн РФ, Государственный флаг РФ. 

Здравствуйте! Меня интересует, где можно найти материал по правильному написанию названий орденов, медалей… Заранее спасибо.

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Названия орденов, медалей, наград, знаков отличия, не сочетающиеся синтаксически с родовым наименованием, заключаются в кавычки, и в них пишутся с прописной буквы первое слово и собственные имена, напр.: орден «Мать-героиня», орден «За заслуги перед Отечеством», медаль «Ветеран труда», медаль «В память 850-летия Москвы», знак «Маршальская звезда».

Все прочие названия наград и знаков отличия кавычками не выделяются, и в них пишется с прописной буквы первое слово, кроме слов орден, медаль, и собственные имена, напр.: орден Дружбы, орден Отечественной войны I степени, орден Почетного легиона, орден Андрея Первозванного, орден Святого Георгия, медаль Материнства, Георгиевский крест.

В некоторых названиях орденов бывшего СССР с прописной буквы пишутся все слова, кроме слова орден, напр.: орден Красного Знамени, орден Октябрьской Революции.

См.: Лопатин В. В., Нечаева И. В., Чельцова Л. К. Прописная или строчная? Орфографический словарь. М., 2011.

Добрый день! И снова про Старый Новый год — в Справке этот вопрос уже задавался, но ни ответа, увы, не видно. Как правильно писать название праздника?

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Словарная фиксация: старый Новый год. См.: Лопатин В. В., Нечаева И. В., Чельцова Л. К. Прописная или строчная? Орфографический словарь. М., 2011.

Здравствуйте! Подскажите, пожалуйста, с какой буквы (строчной или прописной) писать слово «крокодил» в имени сказочного персонажа (К(к?)рокодил Гена)?

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

В словаре В. В. Лопатина, И. В. Нечаевой, Л. К. Чельцовой «Прописная или строчная?» (М., 2011) зафиксировано: крокодил Гена.

Так как писать слово «холокост»?

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

В словаре В. В. Лопатина, И. В. Нечаевой, Л. К. Чельцовой «Прописная или строчная?» (М., 2011) зафиксировано: холокост (строчными).

Уважаемые знатоки русского языка! Очень нужно, ответьте, пожалуйста, берутся ли в кавычки названия рынков? К примеру, Пригородный рынок, рынок Привоз? Нигде нет конкретики по этому поводу в справочниках, хоть «караул» кричи. Вся надежда на вас. Или пошлите меня… где ответ посмотреть можно.
С уважением, Татьянаю

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

В словаре В. В. Лопатина, И. В. Нечаевой, Л. К. Чельцовой «Прописная или строчная?» (М., 2011) приведены примеры: Тишинский рынок, Кунцевский рынок, Черемушкинский рынок. Что касается названий, которые не согласуются со словом рынок, то примеров в справочниках нет, но, полагаем, и в этих случаях вполне можно обойтись без кавычек: рынок Привоз. 

Нужны ли кавычки и прописные — «ночь длинных ножей»?

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Правильно: «ночь длинных ножей». См.: Лопатин В. В., Нечаева И. В., Чельцова Л. К. Прописная или строчная? Орфографический словарь. М., 2011.

Здравствуйте! Не нашла ответа на свой вопрос. Поэтому повторяю его. Как правильно писать с заглавной или прописной буквы слова через дефис, если первая часть — имя собственное: Оже-электрон или оже-электрон. Также Л(л)оренц- фактор, Ф(ф)урье-разложение и т.д.

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Заглавная и прописная буква – это одно и то же (большая буква). Маленькая буква называется строчная.

В качестве первых частей сложных слов такие компоненты пишутся строчными: оже-электрон, лоренц-фактор, лоренц-инвариантность, фурье-спектрометрия. Но: эффект Оже, преобразования Лоренца, сила Лоренца, преобразование Фурье, ряд Фурье и т. п.

Добрый день! Подскажите, пожалуйста, как правильно писать имена персонажей сказки, состоящее из двух слов — оба с прописной или только первое с прописной? Например, в тексте, с которым я работаю, встречаются «Бурый медведь», «Гималайский медведь», «Синий кит». Меня смущает то, что в некоторых случаях имя не называется полностью: «Вот вам подарок, — сказал медведь» (а не «сказал Бурый медведь»), но при этом персонажей-медведей несколько, хотя они и не пересекаются в одной ситуации.

Подобный подход к именам есть у Кэррола: Чеширский Кот, Мартовский Заяц, Белый Кролик, но мне попадались разные написания и этих имён. Какой же вариант предпочтительнее? Или твёрдого правила нет? Спасибо!

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Правило есть, оно приведено в словаре В. В. Лопатина, И. В. Нечаевой, Л. К. Чельцовой «Прописная или строчная?» (М., 2011). С прописной буквы пишутся нарицательные слова, выступающие как названия персонажей в сказках, пьесах, баснях и некоторых других произведениях художественной литературы, фольклора, напр.: Красная Шапочка, Змей Горыныч, Серый Волк, Синяя Борода и т. д. По аналогии с написанием Серый Волк корректно: Бурый Медведь, Гималайский Медведь, Синий Кит.

Как правильно — Мать Тереза или мать Тереза? Везде полный разнобой в написании!
Спасибо!

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

В словаре В. В. Лопатина, И. В. Нечаевой, Л. К. Чельцовой «Прописная или строчная?» (М., 2011) зафиксировано: мать Тереза.

Здравствуйте! Знаю, что двойные заголовки пишутся с запятой перед словом «или», при этом первое слово второй части заголовка пишется с заглавной буквы. Например: «Золотой ключик, или Приключения Буратино». Но не могу найти в Интернете источник, на который можно сослаться. Подскажите, где прописано это правило. Спасибо.

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Это правило приведено, например, в словаре В. В. Лопатина, И. В. Нечаевой, Л. К. Чельцовой «Прописная или строчная?» (М., 2011).

Источник

Святая[2] Тере́за Кальку́ттская[3] (настоящее имя Агне́с Го́ндже Бояджи́у; алб. Anjezë Gonxhe Bojaxhiu, арум. Agnesa (Antigona) Gongea Boiagi; 26 августа 1910, Скопье, Османская империя[4] — 5 сентября 1997, Калькутта, Индия), известная во всём мире как мать Тереза[5][6] — католическая монахиня, основательница женской монашеской конгрегации сестёр — миссионерок любви, занимающейся служением бедным и больным.

Лауреат Нобелевской премии мира (1979).

В 2003 году причислена католической церковью к лику блаженных, 4 сентября 2016 года — канонизирована (причислена к лику святых)[7][8][9].

Деятельность Терезы критиковалась в связи с сомнительными политическими связями монахини, неэффективным использованием полученных от пожертвований средств и отказом от использования обезболивающих средств в ходе лечения[⇨].

Биография

Миссионерки милосердия в традиционных сари

Миссионерки милосердия в традиционных сари

Миссионеры благотворительного дома в Калькутте

Миссионеры благотворительного дома в Калькутте

Нирмал Хридай, Калькуттский хоспис Матери Терезы, в 2007 году

Нирмал Хридай, Калькуттский хоспис Матери Терезы, в 2007 году

Агнес Гондже Бояджиу родилась 26 августа 1910 года в македонском городе Скопье[10][11] и была младшим ребёнком в семье косовских албанцев[12][13][14][15][16] Дранфиле и Николы Бояджиу[17]. Позднее сама Мать Тереза называла своим «настоящим днём рождения» 27 августа — день её крещения[10]. Ее родители были католиками. У неё была сестра Агата и брат Лазар. Семья была весьма обеспеченной — отец был совладельцем крупной строительной фирмы и преуспевающим торговцем. Дранфиле много времени посвящала молитве и богослужениям, а также делам милосердия. Бедных радушно принимали в семье Бояджиу, кроме того, Дранфиле с детьми посещала несколько бедных семей. Никола был убит в 1919 году. Дранфиле осталась с тремя детьми, зарабатывала на жизнь шитьём, вышивкой и разной другой работой[18].

В 1928 году Агнес Гонджа окончила среднюю школу. Однажды она услышала, как священник ее прихода читает письма от миссионеров из Индии, после чего, как она утверждала, внутренний голос призывал её стать миссионеркой в Индии. Она уехала в Ирландию и там вступила в монашеский орден «Ирландские сёстры Лорето»[18].

Вскоре орден направил её в Калькутту, где в 1937 году Агнес приняла монашеские обеты и взяла себе монашеское имя Тереза в честь Святой Терезы де Лизье. Затем около 20 лет она преподавала в школе для девочек при монастыре[19].

10 сентября 1946 года мать Тереза отправилась на ежегодное Говение в Дарджилинг. В поезде по пути туда, как она утверждала, она услышала внутренний голос, который говорил: «Иди и живи среди бедных, а Я буду с тобой»[20]. Но лишь в августе 1948 года она получила разрешение от руководства ордена разрешение покинуть монастырь и помогать бедным и обездоленным Калькутты[21].

7 октября 1950 года мать Тереза получила разрешение от Папы Римского Пия XII на создание Ордена сестёр милосердия — миссионерок любви, деятельность которого была направлена на создание школ, приютов, больниц для бедных и тяжелобольных людей, независимо от их национальности и вероисповедания[22].

К 1996 году эта конгрегация имела 400 отделений в 111 странах мира, 700 домов милосердия в 120 странах мира, регулярно оказывала продовольственную помощь 500 тыс. семей, оказывала медицинскую помощь 250 тыс. человек в организованных при отделениях ордена лечебницах, лепрозориях, клиниках для больных СПИДом. В школах при отделениях ордена обучалось 20 тыс. детей. Деятельность ордена финансируется за счёт пожертвований, поступающие от частных лиц, компаний, общественных и международных организаций, государственных органов. По неофициальным оценкам, её годовой бюджет составляет $10-50 млрд.[23]

В 1973 году мать Тереза стала первым лауреатом Темплтоновской премии за прогресс в религии.

В 1979 году матери Терезе была присуждена Нобелевская премия мира «За деятельность в помощь страждущему человеку».

Она умерла 5 сентября 1997 года в Калькутте (Индия) на 88-м году жизни. 19 октября 2003 года беатифицирована (причислена к лику блаженных) католической церковью. 4 сентября 2016 года причислена к лику святых[24].

Религиозная жизнь

Мать Тереза однажды сказала о своем служении, что оно основано на её вере в Христа.

Из-за того, что мы не видим Христа, мы не можем выразить Ему нашу любовь, но ближних всегда можем видеть и по отношению к ним поступать так, как поступали бы по отношению ко Христу, если бы видели Его[25].

Согласно некоторым источникам, в частном порядке мать Тереза переживала сомнения и борьбу по поводу своих религиозных убеждений, которые продолжались на протяжении почти пятидесяти лет, вплоть до самой её смерти, в течение которых «она не ощущала присутствия Бога вообще, ни в сердце, ни в Причастии»[26] как было изложено её постулатором, канадским священником Брайаном Колодейчуком (англ. Brian Kolodiejchuk). Мать Тереза испытывала глубокие сомнения в существовании Бога и боль из-за отсутствия в ней веры:

Где моя вера? Даже глубоко внутри … нет ничего кроме пустоты и тьмы … Если Бог существует – пожалуйста, прости мне. Когда я пытаюсь обратить мои мысли небесам, возникает такое осознание там пустоты, что эти самые мысли возвращаются как острые ножи и ранят мою самую душу… Как болезненна эта неизвестная боль – у меня нет веры. Отвергнутая, пустая, без веры, без любви, без рвения… Для чего я борюсь? Если нет Бога, не может быть и души. Если нет души, тогда, Иисус, ты тоже неправда[27].

Ухудшение здоровья и смерть

В Риме в 1984 году во время визита к папе римскому Иоанну Павлу II у матери Терезы случился сердечный приступ. После второго приступа в 1989 году ей вживили искусственный кардиостимулятор. В 1991 году после борьбы с пневмонией в Мексике она страдала от дальнейших проблем с сердцем. Мать Тереза предложила отказаться от своего положения в качестве главы Ордена милосердия. Но монахини ордена на тайном голосовании проголосовали против.

В апреле 1996 года мать Тереза упала и сломала ключицу. В августе того же года она заболела малярией, а также страдала недостаточностью левого желудочка сердца. Она перенесла операцию на сердце, но было ясно, что её здоровье ухудшается. Когда мать Тереза заболела, она приняла решение, что будет лечиться в хорошо оборудованной больнице в Калифорнии, а не в одной из своих клиник. Архиепископ Калькутты Генри Себастьян Д’Сауза, говорит, что когда мать Тереза впервые была госпитализирована с сердечными проблемами, он приказал священнику выполнять над ней с её разрешения обряд экзорцизма, потому как считал, что она может быть под угрозой со стороны дьявола.

13 марта 1997 года мать Тереза сложила с себя обязанности руководителя Ордена милосердия. Она умерла 5 сентября 1997 года. На момент её смерти было более 4000 миссионеров ордена матери Терезы, работающих в 610 представительствах в 123 странах.

Награды

Президент США Рейган вручает матери Терезе медаль Свободы. Церемония в Белом доме, 20 июня 1985 года

Президент США Рейган вручает матери Терезе медаль Свободы. Церемония в Белом доме, 20 июня 1985 года

  • Падма Шри (1962, Индия)[28].
  • Премия Рамона Магсайсая (1962, Филиппины)[29].
  • Премия имени Джавахарлала Неру за международное взаимопонимание[en] (1969, Индия)[30].
  • Премия мира Иоанна XXIII (1971, Ватикан)[31].
  • Темплтоновская премия (1973, США)[32].
  • Международная премия Альберта Швейцера (1975, США)[33][34].
  • Премия «Pacem in Terris»[en] (1976, США)[35].
  • Медаль Ла Сторта за службу человечеству (1976, США)[36].
  • Орден Британской империи степени офицера (1977, Великобритания)[37].
  • Премия Бальцана (1978, Италия)[38].
  • Нобелевская премия мира (1979, Швеция)[39].
  • Патрональная медаль[en] (1979, США)[40][41].
  • Бхарат Ратна (1980, Индия)[42].
  • Почётное гражданство Скопье (1980, Македония)[43]
  • Орден «Легион Почёта»[pl] (1980, Гаити)[44][45].
  • Орден Австралии степени компаньона (1982, Австралия)[46][47].
  • Орден «Охотник буйвола»[it] (1982, Канада)[48].
  • Орден Заслуг (1983, Великобритания)[49][50].
  • Президентская медаль Свободы (1985, США)[51][52].
  • Золотая медаль «Борцу за мир» от Советского комитета защиты мира (1987, СССР)[53].
  • Золотая медаль имени Льва Толстого от Российского детского фонда (1990, СССР)[54].
  • Почётное гражданство Загреба (1990, Хорватия)[55][56]
  • Премия ЮНЕСКО за мирное образование[en] (1992, ООН)[57].
  • Орден Королевы Елены (1995, Хорватия)[58]
  • Почётное гражданство США (1996, США)[59].
  • Орден Улыбки (1996, Польша)[60][61].
  • Орден «Честь нации»[en] (1996, Албания)[62].
  • Золотая медаль Конгресса США (1997, США)[63].

Память о матери Терезе

Памятник матери Терезе в родном городе Скопье

Памятник матери Терезе в родном городе Скопье

  • Крупнейший международный аэропорт Албании назван в честь матери Терезы[64].
  • В 2010 году в Индии выпущена в обращение монета достоинством в 5 рупий, посвящённая матери Терезе[65].
  • 26 сентября 2011 в Москве на территории собора Непорочного Зачатия Пресвятой Девы Марии был открыт памятник матери Терезе[66].

Фильмы о матери Терезе

О матери Терезе снято несколько документальных и художественных фильмов:

  • В 1969 году вышел документальный фильм, а в 1971 году и книга «Something Beautiful for God» Малкольма Маггериджа о матери Терезе.
  • Документальный фильм 1994 года «Ангел из ада» (Hell’s Angel) с критикой деятельности матери Терезы.
  • В 1997 году снят художественный фильм с Джеральдиной Чаплин в роли матери Терезы. Картина называлась «Мать Тереза: Во имя беднейших Господа», режиссёром выступил Кевин Коннор. Лента завоевала премию на Фестивале киноискусств в 1998 году.
  • В 2003 году вышел фильм: «Мать Тереза Калькуттская (Madre Teresa)», который получил награду «CAMIE award» 2007 года. Главную роль исполнила известная британская актриса Оливия Хасси. Режиссёр картины — итальянец Фабрицио Коста.
  • В 2014 году вышел фильм «Письма Матери Терезы» (The Letters). Главную роль исполнила актриса Джульет Стивенсон.

Критика

Согласно докладу канадских ученых Сержа Лариве, Женевьев Шенар и Кэрол Сенехал, клиники Терезы получали пожертвования на миллионы долларов, но их пациенты не получали медицинской помощи, систематической диагностики, необходимого питания и достаточного количества анальгетиков для страдающих[67]: «Мать Тереза ​​считала, что больной должен страдать, как Христос на кресте»[68].

В отчёте, опубликованном в немецком журнале Stern, утверждается, что в 1991 году только 7 % пожертвований, поступивших в миссию милосердия, были использованы на благотворительные цели[69].

Когда 26 июля 1963 года её родной город Скопье в результате землетрясения сильно пострадал (там погибло 1070 человек и было разрушено 75 % зданий), Агнес Бояджиу отказалась выделять ему финансовую помощь от своего монашеского ордена.

Во время природных катаклизмов в Индии, жертвами которых становились сотни тысяч людей, мать Тереза призывала молиться о пострадавших, однако ни разу не пожертвовала деньги для помощи. Исследователи обращают внимание на сомнительные политические связи, огромные суммы денег, проходящие через её руки, и плохой уход за больными и умирающими в созданных матерью Терезой 517 миссиях в 100 странах. Прославленная монахиня придерживалась весьма жёстких и догматичных взглядов, полагая, что участь больных — страдать, поэтому запретила применять обезболивающие средства, а также резко возражала против разводов, абортов и контрацепции[70].

Приюты миссии милосердия зачастую отличались крайне удручающим состоянием, были оборудованы в плохо подходящих помещениях, в них было грязно, а больные не получали достаточного питания и обезболивающих. Это нельзя было списать на недостаток средств — мать Тереза получала деньги в избытке со всего мира. Робин Фокс (редактор медицинского журнала Lancet в 1990—1995) ещё в 1994 году отметил, что фонд имеет множество волонтёров, но практически не привлекает врачей и, по всей видимости, занимается скорее бурной имитацией здравоохранения, чем реальной помощью в современном понимании[71].

Миссия милосердия не делала различия между излечимыми и неизлечимыми больными, так что люди, которые могли бы выжить, подвергались риску смерти от инфекции и отсутствия лечения. Сама мать Тереза называла свои объекты «Домами для умирающих» (Houses of the Dying). В отличие от условий, созданных в приютах, сама мать Тереза обращалась за квалифицированной медицинской помощью для себя в известные медицинские клиники в Соединённых Штатах, Европе и Индии, что вызвало обвинения в лицемерии от критиков, таких как Кристофер Хитченс[72].

В 1981 и 1983 она посетила Гаити, где правил диктатор Жан-Клод Дювалье, и выступила со словами одобрения в его адрес, заявляя, что «покорена любовью Дювалье к своему народу» и что «народ платит ему полной взаимностью». За это она получила от гаитянского диктатора деньги в размере 2,5 миллиона долларов и была награждена высшей наградой страны — орденом Легиона славы. Визит Терезы обошелся властям нищей страны в сумму около $1 миллион.

Когда в 1993 году в индийской провинции Латур произошло землетрясение и погибло 8000 человек, а 5 миллионов остались без крыши над головой, её монашеский орден никаких денег пострадавшим не выделил и даже отказался послать туда своих монахинь.
Можно найти подробнейшие описания её посещения Армянской ССР после землетрясения в Спитаке, но нельзя найти информацию, сколько и кому денег фонд тогда выделил.
Когда в 1998 году был составлен рейтинг финансовой помощи от организаций в Калькутте, то ордена «Сёстры — миссионерки любви» не было даже среди 200 первых. Хотя мать Тереза при вручении ей Нобелевской премии заявила, что была оказана помощь 36 000 жителям Калькутты, проверка, проведенная индийскими журналистами, установила, что таких было не больше 700.

Американский бизнесмен Чарльз Китинг[en], присвоивший деньги вкладчиков фонда, перечислил Терезе $1,25 млн из похищенных $252 миллионов. Когда Китинга приговорили к лишению свободы, Тереза попросила о снисхождении. Прокурор Пол Терли предложил ей вернуть украденные деньги их владельцам. На этом переписка оборвалась.[73]

Одним из самых популярных критиков Терезы был английский журналист, литературовед и антитеист Кристофер Хитченс, автор эссе «Миссионерская позиция: мать Тереза ​​в теории и практике» (англ. The Missionary Position: Mother Teresa in Theory and Practice)(1995). В статье 2003 года он писал: «Это возвращает нас к средневековой коррупции церкви, которая продавала индульгенции богатым, проповедуя адский огонь, и сдержанность для бедных. Мать Тереза не была другом бедных. Она была другом бедности. Она говорила, что страдание является подарком от Бога. Она посвятила свою жизнь тому, чтобы препятствовать освобождению женщин от принудительного деторождения, аналогичного скотоводству, а также женской эмансипации, что является единственным действенным способом предотвращения нищеты в мире»[74].
Хитченс обвинил Терезу в лицемерии, когда она выбрала передовую клинику для лечения сердечного заболевания[75][76].

См. также

  • Список святых, канонизированных папой римским Франциском

Примечания

  1. ↑ Pagan Ethics: Paganism as a World Religion By Michael York. Дата обращения: 24 января 2016. Архивировано 3 февраля 2016 года.
  2. ↑ Мать Терезу причислили к лику святых — Meduza. Дата обращения: 4 сентября 2016. Архивировано 18 сентября 2016 года.
  3. ↑ Тереза Калькуттская // Большая российская энциклопедия : [в 35 т.] / гл. ред. Ю. С. Осипов. — М. : Большая российская энциклопедия, 2004—2017.
  4. ↑ Mother Teresa of Calcutta (1910-1997), biography. www.vatican.va. Дата обращения: 9 января 2019. Архивировано 19 января 2013 года.
  5. ↑ Ф. Л. Агеенко. Тереза. Словарь собственных имён русского языка. Печатное издание М.: ООО «Издательство »Мир и Образование»», 2010. Электронная версия, «ГРАМОТА.РУ», 2011.. gramota.ru. — «Тере́за, -ы [тэрэ] (мать Тереза) (основательница и настоятельница католич. Ордена милосердия в Калькутте, Индия)». Дата обращения: 29 августа 2018.
  6. ↑ Лопатин В. В., Нечаева И. В., Чельцова Л. К. Прописная или строчная? Орфографический словарь / Отв. ред. Н. Уварова. — М.: Эксмо, 2011. — С. 264. — 512 с. — (Библиотека словарей ЭКСМО). — 2500 экз. — ISBN 978-5-699-49001-1, ББК 81.2Рус-4.
  7. ↑ Ватикан причислил монахиню мать Терезу к лику святых. Радио «Свобода» (4 сентября 2016). Дата обращения: 4 сентября 2016. Архивировано 5 сентября 2016 года.
  8. ↑ Santa Messa con il Rito di Canonizzazione della Beata Teresa di Calcutta, 04.09.2016 (итал.). Sito ufficiale della Santa Sede (4 сентября 2016). Дата обращения: 4 сентября 2016. Архивировано 7 сентября 2016 года.
  9. ↑ Santa Messa celebrata dal Santo Padre Francesco con il Rito della Canonizzazione (итал.). Sito ufficiale della Santa Sede (4 сентября 2016). Дата обращения: 4 сентября 2016. Архивировано 9 сентября 2016 года.
  10. ↑ 1 2 (2002) «Mother Teresa of Calcutta (1910—1997)». Vatican News Service. Retrieved 30 May 2007.
  11. ↑ The Nobel Peace Prize 1979: Mother Teresa. www.nobelprize.org. Дата обращения: 11 августа 2012. Архивировано 11 октября 2014 года.
  12. ↑ Poplin, Mary. The Marriage Devotional: 365 Simple Ways to Celebrate Your Love (англ.). — InterVarsity Press  (англ.) (рус., 2011. — P. 97. — ISBN 978-0830834723.. — «Mother Teresa, Albanian Catholic Nun Founder of the missionaries of charity».
  13. ↑ Group, Salisbury. The Salisbury Review, Volumes 19–20. — InterVarsity Press  (англ.) (рус., 2011. — С. 2. — ISBN 978-0830834723.. — «Mother Teresa, Albanian by birth».
  14. ↑ Kosovo to Honor Mother Teresa, Zenit (6 марта 2007). Архивировано 29 ноября 2014 года. Дата обращения: 15 ноября 2014.
  15. ↑ Mother Teresa Beyond the Image, New York Times (1997). Архивировано 4 сентября 2017 года. Дата обращения: 15 ноября 2014.
  16. ↑ Alpion, Gëzim. Mother Teresa: Saint or Celebrity? — Taylor & Francis, 2006. — ISBN 0203087518.. — «»the nun’s mother was born in Prizren in Kosova, her family came originally from the Gjakova region, also in Kosova»».
  17. ↑ Lester, Meera. Saints’ Blessing. — Fair Winds, 2004. — С. 138. — ISBN 1-59233-045-2.
  18. ↑ 1 2 Детство. Дата обращения: 10 сентября 2021. Архивировано 10 сентября 2021 года.
  19. ↑ Сестра и наставница. Дата обращения: 10 сентября 2021. Архивировано 10 сентября 2021 года.
  20. ↑ Второй зов. Дата обращения: 10 сентября 2021. Архивировано 10 сентября 2021 года.
  21. ↑ Вне стен монастыря. Дата обращения: 10 сентября 2021. Архивировано 10 сентября 2021 года.
  22. ↑ Орден милосердия. Дата обращения: 10 сентября 2021. Архивировано 10 сентября 2021 года.
  23. ↑ Ангел для ада. Дата обращения: 10 сентября 2021. Архивировано 10 сентября 2021 года.
  24. ↑ Мать Тереза причислена к лику святых Архивная копия от 5 сентября 2016 на Wayback Machine / Русская служба BBC, 4 сентября 2016
  25. ↑ Энциклопедия «Кругосвет»: Мать Тереза. Кругосвет. Дата обращения: 28 февраля 2012. Архивировано 23 июня 2012 года.
  26. ↑ Time: Кризис веры Матери Терезы. Дата обращения: 7 сентября 2020. Архивировано из оригинала 16 августа 2013 года.
  27. ↑ Мать Тереза, Брайан Колодейчук. Mother Teresa: Come Be My Light. — New York: Doubleday, 2007. — ISBN 0385520379.
  28. ↑ Padma Shri Awardees. Правительство Индии. Дата обращения: 15 июля 2017.
  29. ↑ Mother Teresa. Премия Рамона Магсайсая. Дата обращения: 15 июля 2017. Архивировано из оригинала 5 апреля 2017 года.
  30. ↑ Nehru Award Recipients. Индийский совет по культурным связям[en]. Дата обращения: 15 июля 2017. Архивировано из оригинала 6 апреля 2018 года.
  31. ↑ Awarding of the John XXIII International Peace Prize to Sister Teresa Boyaxhiu (January 6, 1971). Святой Престол. Дата обращения: 15 июля 2017. Архивировано 24 декабря 2016 года.
  32. ↑ Previous Templeton Prize Winners. Темплтоновская премия. Дата обращения: 15 июля 2017. Архивировано 11 апреля 2013 года.
  33. ↑ Albert Schweitzer International Prizes Ceremony at UNC-Wilmington. Университет Северной Каролины в Уилмингтоне. Дата обращения: 15 июля 2017.
  34. ↑ Albert Schweitzer International Prizes (недоступная ссылка — история ). Университет Северной Каролины в Уилмингтоне. Дата обращения: 15 июля 2017.
  35. ↑ Pacem in Terris (Peace on Earth) Award Recipients. Епархия Давенпорта. Дата обращения: 15 июля 2017. Архивировано 19 июля 2019 года.
  36. ↑ Mother Teresa receives La Storta Medal, 1976. Скрантонский университет. Дата обращения: 15 июля 2017. Архивировано 23 марта 2020 года.
  37. ↑ Supplement 47418, page 22. The London Gazette (30 декабря 1977). Дата обращения: 15 июля 2017. Архивировано 23 марта 2020 года.
  38. ↑ Mother Theresa of Calcutta. Премия Бальцана. Дата обращения: 15 июля 2017. Архивировано 23 марта 2020 года.
  39. ↑ The Nobel Peace Prize 1979. Нобелевский комитет. Дата обращения: 15 июля 2017. Архивировано 3 июня 2013 года.
  40. ↑ Relics of Blessed Teresa of Calcutta displayed at National Shrine last week. Catholic Standard[en] (8 июня 2010). Дата обращения: 15 июля 2017.
  41. ↑ Patronal Medal Awarded to Sandra McMurtrie and Robert Comstock. Католический университет Америки (15 декабря 2016). Дата обращения: 15 июля 2017. Архивировано 2 января 2021 года.
  42. ↑ Bharat Ratna Awardees. Правительство Индии. Дата обращения: 15 июля 2017.
  43. ↑ Мајка Тереза (недоступная ссылка — история ). Город Скопье. Дата обращения: 15 июля 2017.
  44. ↑ Mother Teresa received the Legion of Honor award at the National Palace from President Jean-Claude Duvalier. The Post-Star[en] (7 августа 1980). Дата обращения: 15 июля 2017. Архивировано 7 августа 2017 года.
  45. ↑ Mother Teresa, 87, Dies; Devoted Her Life to Poor. Los Angeles Times (6 сентября 1997). Дата обращения: 15 июля 2017. Архивировано из оригинала 17 сентября 2016 года.
  46. ↑ Bojaxhiu, Teresa. Companion of the Order of Australia. Правительство Австралии (26 января 1982). Дата обращения: 15 июля 2017. Архивировано 26 мая 2011 года.
  47. ↑ Honorary Orders of Australia. Правительство Австралии (26 января 1982). Дата обращения: 15 июля 2017. Архивировано 23 марта 2020 года.
  48. ↑ Manitoba Order of the Buffalo Hunt. Историческое общество Манитобы[en]. Дата обращения: 15 июля 2017. Архивировано 12 января 2017 года.
  49. ↑ Mother Teresa honoured by HM Queen Elizabeth II. Royal Collection Trust[en] (24 ноября 1983). Дата обращения: 15 июля 2017.
  50. ↑ Mother Teresa Is Honored. The New York Times (25 ноября 1983). Дата обращения: 15 июля 2017. Архивировано 24 мая 2015 года.
  51. ↑ Announcement of the Recipients of the Presidential Medal of Freedom. Президентский проект Калифорнийского университета в Санта-Барбаре (8 апреля 1985). Дата обращения: 15 июля 2017. Архивировано 3 апреля 2018 года.
  52. ↑ Remarks on Presenting the Presidential Medal of Freedom to Mother Teresa. Президентский проект Калифорнийского университета в Санта-Барбаре (20 июня 1985). Дата обращения: 15 июля 2017.
  53. ↑ 96 лет назад родилась мать Тереза. РИА Новости (27 августа 2006). Дата обращения: 15 июля 2017.
  54. ↑ Лауреаты международной золотой медали имени Льва Толстого. Российский детский фонд. Дата обращения: 15 июля 2017. Архивировано 17 июля 2017 года.
  55. ↑ Od 1990. godine (Republika Hrvatska). Город Загреб. Дата обращения: 15 июля 2017. Архивировано 23 марта 2020 года.
  56. ↑ Od 1990. godine (Republika Hrvatska). Городская скупщина Города Загреба[en]. Дата обращения: 15 июля 2017.
  57. ↑ UNESCO Prize for Peace Education (1992). ЮНЕСКО. Дата обращения: 15 июля 2017. Архивировано 14 июня 2017 года.
  58. ↑ Odluka kojom se odlikuje Veleredom kraljice Jelene s lentom i Danicom. Narodne novine[en] (22 августа 1995). Дата обращения: 15 июля 2017. Архивировано 23 марта 2020 года.
  59. ↑ Honorary Citizens of the United States. Сенат США. Дата обращения: 15 июля 2017. Архивировано 5 августа 2009 года.
  60. ↑ Matka Teresa z Kalkuty ogłoszona świętą. »Nieśmy w sercu jej uśmiech». Польское радио (4 сентября 2016). Дата обращения: 15 июля 2017. Архивировано 5 сентября 2016 года.
  61. ↑ Matka Teresa z Kalkuty. Орден Улыбки. Дата обращения: 15 июля 2017. Архивировано 2 марта 2021 года.
  62. ↑ Shenjterohet »Nene Tereza». Правительство Албании[en]. Дата обращения: 15 июля 2017. Архивировано 13 июля 2017 года.
  63. ↑ Congressional Gold Medal Recipients. Палата представителей США. Дата обращения: 15 июля 2017. Архивировано 12 марта 2021 года.
  64. ↑ Энциклопедия Кругосвет: Албания. Кругосвет. Дата обращения: 28 февраля 2012. Архивировано 23 июня 2012 года.
  65. ↑ Каталог монет. Республика Индия — юбилейные монеты. Дата обращения: 29 января 2012. Архивировано из оригинала 13 февраля 2013 года.
  66. ↑ На открытии памятника матери Терезе в Москве главной темой стало разрушение приюта для бездомных. Дата обращения: 3 октября 2011. Архивировано 7 октября 2011 года.
  67. ↑ Larivée, Serge. Mother Teresa: anything but a saint …, Université de Montréal (1 марта 2013). Архивировано 1 апреля 2016 года. Дата обращения: 6 марта 2013.
  68. ↑ Adriana Barton. Mother Teresa was ’anything but a saint,’ new Canadian study claims. The Globe and Mail (5 марта 2013). Дата обращения: 15 декабря 2017. Архивировано 23 апреля 2017 года.
  69. ↑ Pointing Fingers At Mother Teresa’s Heirs. Forbes. 8/10/2010. Дата обращения: 30 сентября 2017. Архивировано 20 сентября 2019 года.
  70. ↑ Ученые: Образ матери Терезы создан прессой и не выдерживает проверки фактами. Дата обращения: 4 марта 2013. Архивировано 8 октября 2013 года.
  71. ↑ Robin Fox. CALCUTTA PERSPECTIVE: Mother Theresa’s care for the dying (англ.). The Lancet (17 сентября 1994). Дата обращения: 16 августа 2016. Архивировано 24 декабря 2016 года.
  72. ↑ Nobel-Winner Aided the Poorest. — «In 1983, she had a heart attack, and in 1989, she received a pacemaker. In 1991, she was treated in California for heart ailments and pneumonia. In 1993 in Rome, she broke three ribs. In the same year, she developed malaria, which was complicated by heart and lung problems. Last April, she broke her collarbone. She also suffered from arthritis and failing eyesight.». Дата обращения: 26 августа 2013. Архивировано 14 сентября 2013 года.
  73. ↑ Elizabeth R. Purdy. Charles H. Keating American businessman. ENCYCLOPÆDIA BRITANNICA. Дата обращения: 5 июня 2019. Архивировано 17 апреля 2019 года.
  74. ↑ Hitchens, Christopher Mommie Dearest. Slate (18 декабря 2015). Дата обращения: 19 декабря 2015. Архивировано 12 октября 2018 года.
  75. ↑ Hitchens (1995), p. 41
  76. ↑ cf. Fr. James Martin, SJ, Letter in The New York Review of Books, 19 September 1996 In Defense of Mother Teresa Архивная копия от 1 декабря 2017 на Wayback Machine, accessed 2 February 2014.

Литература

  • Вандерхилл Э. Мистики XX века.Энциклопедия / Пер. с англ. Д. Гайдук. — М.: МИФ: Локид, 1996. — 522 с. — ISBN 5-87214-023-3.
  • Немтина А. А. Мать Тереза. — М.: Изд-во Францисканцев, 2013. — 139 с., 1000 экз. — ISBN 978-5-89208-105-4
  • Жан-Мишель ди Фалько. Мать Тереза. Вера творит чудеса. — М.: Текст, 2004. — ISBN 5-7516-0481-4

Ссылки

  • Сайт, посвященный Матери Терезе (рус.)
  • Мать Тереза. «В любом случае твори добро»
  • Мать Тереза. История жизни
  • Мать Тереза. Цитаты
  • Мать Тереза. Малоизвестные факты
  • Страница на сайте Нобелевской премии (англ.)
  • Фильм о Матери Терезе (англ.)
  • Весть о Матери Терезе
  • В Ватикане канонизировали мать Терезу, — опубликовано видео


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Источник

Мать Тереза

католическая монахиня, организатор «домов умирающих», лауреат Нобелевской премии мира

Мать Тереза (полное имя — Мать Тереза Кальку́ттская, настоящее имя — Агнес Гонджа Бояджиу, алб. Agnes Gonxha Bojaxhiu) — католическая монахиня, основательница женской монашеской конгрегации «Сестры Миссионерки Любви», занимающейся служением бедным и больным. Лауреат Нобелевской премии мира. Причислена Католической Церковью к лику блаженных.

ЦитатыПравить

  • Бог не призвал меня быть успешной. Он призвал меня, чтобы быть преданной.
  • Я никогда не присоединюсь к антивоенному движению. Позовите меня, когда появится движение за мир.[источник?]
  • Для нас не существует различий в национальности, цвете кожи, вероисповедании. Все люди для нас — дети Господа. Человечество — наша семья. Все заслуживают нашей помощи, все созданы для того, чтобы любить и быть любимыми. Милосердие — это огромная сила, связывающая и объединяющая людей. Милосердие сближает сильней кровного родства и дружбы. Только милосердие может искренне восхищаться каждым живым существом только потому, что оно — дело рук Создателя.
  • С материальной точки зрения у Вас есть всё в этом мире, но Ваше сердце опечалено; пусть Вас не волнует то, чего у Вас нет, — просто идите и служите людям: держите их руки в своих и выражайте любовь; если Вы будете следовать этому совету, Вы будете сиять, как маяк.
  • Если вы судите людей, у вас нет времени на то, чтобы любить их.

ПриписываемоеПравить

  •  

Жизнь — это возможность, используйте её. Жизнь — это красота, любуйтесь ею. Жизнь — это блаженство, вкусите его. Жизнь — это мечта, осуществите её. Жизнь — это вызов, встретьтесь с ним. Жизнь — это долг, исполните его. Жизнь — это игра, сыграйте в неё. Жизнь — это обещание, выполните его. Жизнь — это горе, преодолейте его. Жизнь — это песня, спойте её. Жизнь — это борьба, примите её. Жизнь — это трагедия, противостойте ей. Жизнь — это приключение, решитесь на него. Жизнь — это удача, ловите её. Жизнь слишком драгоценна, не губите её. Жизнь — это жизнь, боритесь за неё.

 

Life is an opportunity, benefit from it. Life is beauty, admire it. Life is bliss, taste it. Life is a dream, realize it. Life is a challenge, meet it. Life is a duty, complete it. Life is a game, play it. Life is a promise, fulfill it. Life is sorrow, overcome it. Life is a song, sing it. Life is a struggle, accept it. Life is a tragedy, confront it. Life is an adventure, dare it. Life is luck, make it. Life is too precious, do not destroy it. Life is life, fight for it.[1]
  •  

Завет Матери Терезы

Люди часто бывают глупы и упрямы, эгоцентричны и нелогичны.
Все равно прощай их.

Если ты добр, люди будут обвинять тебя в том, что под маской доброты ты скрываешь корысть.
Все равно оставайся добрым.

Если ты добился успеха, тебя будут окружать притворные друзья и подлинные враги.
Все равно добивайся успеха.

Если ты честен и прям, люди будут обманывать тебя.
Все равно будь честным и прямым.

То, что ты строишь годы, кто-то разрушит за одну ночь.
Все равно строй.

Если ты спокоен и счастлив, тебе будут завидовать.
Все равно оставайся счастливым.

То добро, которое ты делаешь сегодня, завтра люди забудут.
Все равно делай добро.

Отдай миру самое лучшее из того, что у тебя есть, и мир попросит еще.
Все равно отдавай самое лучшее.

Друг мой, в конце концов, то, что ты делаешь, все равно нужно не людям.
Это нужно только тебе и Богу.

—

 

The Paradoxical Commandments:

People are illogical, unreasonable, and self-centered.
Love them anyway.
If you do good, people will accuse you of selfish ulterior motives.
Do good anyway.

If you are successful, you will win false friends and true enemies.
Succeed anyway.

The good you do today will be forgotten tomorrow.
Do good anyway.

Honesty and frankness make you vulnerable.
Be honest and frank anyway.

The biggest men and women with the biggest ideas can be shot down by the smallest men and women with the smallest minds.
Think big anyway.

People favor underdogs but follow only top dogs.
Fight for a few underdogs anyway.

What you spend years building may be destroyed overnight.
Build anyway.

People really need help but may attack you if you do help them.
Help people anyway.

Give the world the best you have and you’ll get kicked in the teeth.
Give the world the best you have anyway.”

ПримечанияПравить

  1. ↑ Quotes falsely attributed to Mother Teresa
Источник
Тереза Калькуттская<tr><td colspan=»2″ style=»text-align: center; border-top: solid darkgray 1px;»>280px</td></tr>

<tr><td colspan=»2″ style=»text-align: center;»>Мать Тереза в немецком городе Бонн, 1989 год</td></tr>

1-й Генеральная настоятельница ордена «Сестры Миссионерки Любви»

1950 — 13 марта 1997
Интронизация: 1 февраля 1965
Церковь: Римско-католическая церковь
Преемник: Нирмала Джоши
 
Имя при рождении: Аньэ́за[1] (Агне́с) Го́ндже Бояджи́у
Оригинал имени
при рождении: 		алб. Anjezë Gonxhe Bojaxhiu
арум. Agnesa (Antigona) Gongea Boiagi
Рождение: 26 августа 1910
город Скопье, вилайет Косово, Османская империя (ныне Македония)
Смерть: 5 сентября 1997 (87 лет)
Калькутта, штат Западная Бенгалия, Индия
Похоронен: {{#property:p119}}
Династия: {{#property:p53}}
Принятие монашества: 1931
 
Награды:

Нобелевская премия — 1979 Нобелевская премия мира

Президентская медаль Свободы

Орден Заслуг

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Бхарат Ратна

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Мать Тере́за Кальку́ттская (настоящее имя Аньэ́за[2] (Агне́с) Го́ндже Бояджи́у; алб. Anjezë Gonxhe Bojaxhiu, арум. Agnesa (Antigona) Gongea Boiagi; 26 августа 1910, Скопье[3] — 5 сентября 1997, Калькутта) — католическая монахиня, основательница женской монашеской конгрегации «Сестры Миссионерки Любви», занимающейся служением бедным и больным. Лауреат Нобелевской премии мира (1979). В 2003 году причислена Католической Церковью к лику блаженных.

Содержание

  • 1 Биография
  • 2 Религиозная жизнь
  • 3 Ухудшение здоровья и смерть
  • 4 Награды
  • 5 Память о матери Терезе
    • 5.1 Фильмы о матери Терезе
  • 6 Критика
  • 7 Примечания
  • 8 Литература
  • 9 Ссылки

Биография[править]

Агнес Гондже Бояджиу родилась 26 августа 1910 года в македонском городе Скопье в семье албанки Дранфиле и арумына (влахa)[4] Никола, оба родителя были католиками. У неё была сестра Агата и брат Лазарь. Семья была весьма обеспеченной. Дранфиле много времени посвящала молитве и богослужениям, а также делам милосердия. Бедных радушно принимали в семье Бояджиу, кроме того Дранфиле с детьми посещала несколько бедных семей. Никола умер при невыясненных обстоятельствах в 1919 г. Дранфиле осталась с тремя детьми, зарабатывала на жизнь шитьём, вышивкой и разной другой работой. Позже она взяла к себе шестерых сирот.

Гонджа с 12 лет стала мечтать о монашеском служении и о том, чтобы поехать в Индию и заботиться там о бедных.

В восемнадцать лет она уехала в Ирландию и там вступила в монашеский орден «Ирландские сестры Лорето». В 1931 году приняла постриг и взяла имя Тереза в честь канонизированной в 1927 году монахини-кармелитки Терезы из Лизье, известной своей добротой и милосердием.

Вскоре орден направил её в Калькутту, где около 20 лет она преподавала в женской школе святой Марии. 10 сентября 1946 года она получила разрешение от руководства ордена помогать бедным и обездоленным Калькутты, а в 1948 году основала там общину: монашескую конгрегацию «Сёстры Миссионерки Любви», деятельность которой была направлена на создание школ, приютов, больниц для бедных и тяжелобольных людей, независимо от их национальности и вероисповедания.

С 1965 года деятельность монашеской конгрегации, основанной Матерью Терезой, переступила границы Индии, в настоящее время она имеет 400 отделений в 111 странах мира и 700 домов милосердия в 120 странах. Её миссии, как правило, действуют в районах стихийных бедствий и экономически неблагополучных регионах.

В 1973 году мать Тереза стала первым лауреатом Темплтоновской премии за прогресс в религии.

В 1979 году матери Терезе была присуждена Нобелевская премия мира «За деятельность в помощь страждущему человеку».

Она умерла 5 сентября 1997 года в Калькутте (Индия) на 88-м году жизни. В октябре 2003 года беатифицирована (причислена к лику блаженных) Католической Церковью.

Религиозная жизнь[править]

Мать Тереза однажды сказала о своем служении, что оно основано на её вере в Христа.

Согласно некоторым источникам, в частном порядке Мать Тереза переживала сомнения и борьбу по поводу своих религиозных убеждений, которые продолжались на протяжении почти пятидесяти лет, вплоть до самой её смерти, в течение которых «она не ощущала присутствия Бога вообще, «[6] «ни в сердце, ни в причастии» как было изложено её постулатором, канадским священником Брайаном Колодейчуком (англ. Brian Kolodiejchuk). Мать Тереза испытывала глубокие сомнения в существовании Бога и боль из-за отсутствия в ней веры:

« Где моя вера? Даже глубоко внутри … нет ничего кроме пустоты и тьмы … Если Бог существует – пожалуйста, прости мне. Когда я пытаюсь обратить мои мысли небесам, возникает такое осознание там пустоты, что эти самые мысли возвращаются как острые ножи и ранят мою самую душу… Как болезненна эта неизвестная боль – у меня нет веры. Отвергнутая, пустая, без веры, без любви, без рвения, … Для чего я борюсь? Если нет Бога, не может быть и души. Если нет души, тогда, Иисус, ты тоже неправда.[7] »

Ухудшение здоровья и смерть[править]

В Риме в 1983 году во время визита к папе римскому Иоанну Павлу II у Матери Терезы случился сердечный приступ. После второго приступа в 1989 году ей вживили искусственный кардиостимулятор. В 1991 году после сражения с пневмонией в Мексике она страдала от дальнейших проблем с сердцем. Мать Тереза предложила отказаться от своего положения в качестве главы Ордена милосердия. Но монахини ордена на тайном голосовании проголосовали против.

В апреле 1996 года мать Тереза упала и сломала ключицу. В августе того же года она заболела малярией, а также страдала недостаточностью левого желудочка сердца. Она перенесла операцию на сердце, но было ясно, что её здоровье ухудшается. Когда Мать Тереза заболела, она приняла решение, что будет лечиться в хорошо оборудованной больнице в Калифорнии, а не в одной из своих клиник. Архиепископ Калькутты Генри Себастьян Д’Сауза, говорит, что когда мать Тереза впервые была госпитализирована с сердечными проблемами, он приказал священнику выполнять над ней с её разрешения обряд экзорцизма, потому как считал, что она может быть под угрозой со стороны дьявола.

13 марта 1997 года Мать Тереза сложила с себя обязанности руководителя Ордена милосердия. Она умерла 5 сентября 1997 года. На момент её смерти было более 4000 миссионеров ордена Матери Терезы, работающих в 610 представительствах в 123 странах.

Награды[править]

  • Индийский орден «Госпожа лотоса» (1963)
  • В знак признания её апостольского служения была удостоена первой награды папы римского Иоанна XXIII за мир, которую приняла из рук Павла VI (1971)
  • Нобелевская премия мира (1979)
  • Медаль Свободы, полученная от Президента США Рональда Рейгана (1985)
  • Почётный гражданин Загреба (1990)[8]
  • В 1997 году награждена высшей наградой США — Золотой медалью Конгресса.

Память о матери Терезе[править]

  • Крупнейший международный аэропорт Албании назван в честь матери Терезы[9].
  • В 2010 году в Индии была выпущена в обращение монета достоинством в 5 рупии, посвящённая Матери Терезе[10].
  • 26 сентября 2011 в Москве на территории Собора Непорочного Зачатия Пресвятой Девы Марии был открыт памятник Матери Терезе[11].

Фильмы о матери Терезе[править]

О матери Терезе снято несколько документальных и художественных фильмов:

  • В 1969 году вышел документальный фильм, а в 1971 году и книга «Something Beautiful for God» Малкольма Маггериджа о матери Терезе.
  • В 1997 году снят художественный фильм с Джеральдиной Чаплин в роли Матери Терезы. Картина называлась «Мать Тереза: Во имя беднейших Господа», режиссёром выступил Кевин Коннор. Лента завоевала премию 1998 года на Фестивале Кино-искусств.
  • В 2003 году вышел фильм: «Мать Тереза Калькуттская (Madre Teresa)», который получил награду «CAMIE award» 2007 года. Главную роль исполнила известная британская актриса Оливия Хасси. Режиссёр картины — итальянец Фабрицио Коста.

Критика[править]

В отчёте, опубликованном в немецком журнале Stern утверждается, что в 1991 году только 7 % пожертвований, поступивших в Миссию Милосердия, были использованы на благотворительные цели.[12]

Во время природных катаклизмов в Индии, жертвами которых становились сотни тысяч людей, мать Тереза призывала молиться о пострадавших, однако ни разу не пожертвовала деньги для помощи. Исследователи обращают внимание на сомнительные политические связи, огромные суммы денег, проходящие через её руки и плохой уход за больными и умирающими в созданных матерью Терезой 517 миссиях в 100 странах. Прославленная монахиня придерживалась весьма жёстких и догматичных взглядов, полагая, что участь больных — страдать, а также резко возражала против разводов, абортов и контрацепции.[13]

Приюты Миссии Милосердия зачастую отличались крайне удручающим состоянием, были оборудованы в плохо подходящих помещениях, в них было грязно, а больные не получали достаточного питания и обезболивающих. Это нельзя было списать на недостаток средств — Мать Тереза получала деньги в избытке со всего мира. Роберт Фокс (редактор медицинского журнала Lancet) ещё в 1996 году отметил, что фонд имеет множество волонтёров, но практически не привлекает врачей и, по всей видимости, занимается скорее бурной имитацией здравоохранения, чем реальной помощью в современном понимании.[14]

Миссия Милосердия не делала различия между излечимыми и неизлечимыми больными, так что люди, которые могли бы выжить, подвергались риску смерти от инфекции и отсутствия лечения. Сама Мать Тереза называла свои объекты «Дома для умирающих» (Houses of the Dying). В отличие от условий, созданных в приютах, сама Мать Тереза обращалась за квалифицированной медицинской помощью для себя в известные медицинские клиники в Соединенных Штатах, Европе и Индии, что вызвало обвинения в лицемерии от критиков, таких как Кристофер Хитченс.[15]

Примечания[править]

  1. ↑ Pagan Ethics: Paganism as a World Religion By Michael York
  2. ↑ Poplin Mary. The Marriage Devotional: 365 Simple Ways to Celebrate Your Love. — InterVarsity Press. — P. 97. — ISBN 978-0830834723.
  3. ↑ Mother Teresa of Calcutta (1910—1997)
  4. ↑ Ватикан: Биография Матери Терезы
  5. ↑ Энциклопедия «Кругосвет»: Мать Тереза. Кругосвет. Проверено 28 февраля 2012. Архивировано из первоисточника 23 июня 2012.
  6. ↑ Time: Кризис веры Матери Терезы
  7. ↑ Мать Тереза, Брайан Колодейчук. Mother Teresa: Come Be My Light. — New York: Doubleday, 2007. — ISBN 0385520379.
  8. ↑ Majka Tereza (1990.). // zagreb.hr. Проверено 6 сентября 2011. Архивировано из первоисточника 4 февраля 2012. (хорв.)
  9. ↑ Энциклопедия Кругосвет: Албания. Кругосвет. Проверено 28 февраля 2012. Архивировано из первоисточника 23 июня 2012.
  10. ↑ Каталог монет. Республика Индия — юбилейные монеты
  11. ↑ На открытии памятника матери Терезе в Москве главной темой стало разрушение приюта для бездомных
  12. ↑ Pointing Fingers At Mother Teresa’s Heirs. Forbes. 8/10/2010
  13. ↑ Ученые: Образ матери Терезы создан прессой и не выдерживает проверки фактами
  14. ↑ Канадские ученые представят разоблачение Матери Терезы
  15. ↑ Nobel-Winner Aided the Poorest. — «In 1983, she had a heart attack, and in 1989, she received a pacemaker. In 1991, she was treated in California for heart ailments and pneumonia. In 1993 in Rome, she broke three ribs. In the same year, she developed malaria, which was complicated by heart and lung problems. Last April, she broke her collarbone. She also suffered from arthritis and failing eyesight.»  Проверено 26 августа 2013. Архивировано из первоисточника 14 сентября 2013.

Литература[править]

  • Немтина А. А. Мать Тереза. М.: Издательство Францисканцев, 2013. — 139 с., 1000 экз., ISBN 978-5-89208-105-4
  • Фалько, Ж.-М. ди. Мать Тереза. Вера творит чудеса. — М.: Текст, 2004.

Ссылки[править]

Файл:Emblem of the Papacy SE.svg Портал «Католицизм»
q: Мать Тереза в Викицитатнике?
  • Сайт, посвященный Матери Терезе  (рус.)
  • Мать Тереза. История жизни
  • Мать Тереза. Цитаты
  • Мать Тереза. Малоизвестные факты
  • Страница на сайте Нобелевской премии  (англ.)
  • Фильм о Матери Терезе  (англ.)
  • Весть о Матери Терезе
 Просмотр этого шаблона Лауреаты Нобелевской премии мира в 1976—2000 годах

Бетти Уильямс / Мейрид Корриган (1976) •
Международная амнистия (1977) •
Анвар Садат / Менахем Бегин (1978) •
Мать Тереза (1979) •
Адольфо Перес Эскивель (1980) •
УВКБ ООН (1981) •
Альва Мюрдаль / Альфонсо Гарсия Роблес (1982) •
Лех Валенса (1983) •
Десмонд Туту (1984) •
ВМПЯВ (1985) •
Эли Визель (1986) •
Оскар Ариас Санчес (1987) •
Миротворческие силы ООН (1988) •
Тендзин Гьяцо (Далай-лама XIV) (1989) •
Михаил Горбачёв (1990) •
Аун Сан Су Чжи (1991) •
Ригоберта Менчу (1992) •
Нельсон Мандела / Фредерик де Клерк (1993) •
Ясир Арафат / Шимон Перес / Ицхак Рабин (1994) •
Пагуошские конференции / Джозеф Ротблат (1995) •
Карлуш Белу / Жозе Рамуш-Орта (1996) •
МДЗПМ / Джоди Уильямс (1997) •
Джон Хьюм / Дэвид Тримбл (1998) •
Врачи без границ (1999) •
Ким Дэ Чжун (2000)

Полный список |
1901—1925 |
1926—1950 |
1951—1975 |
1976—2000 |
с 2001

п·о·р

Почётные граждане США
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Ханна Пенн

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Казимир Пулавский

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Жильбер Лафайет

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Рауль Валленберг

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Уинстон Черчилль

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Мать Тереза

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