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  «Литература (в 2 частях)», Полухина В.П., Коровина В.Я., Журавлёв В.П. и др. / Под ред. Коровиной В.Я.

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T.F. Powys, English novelist and short-story writer whose works dealt mainly with the hardships and brutalities of rural life. The brother of the authors John Cowper and Llewelyn Powys, he did not go to a university but rather turned to farming for several years. Thereafter he lived frugally on an…

Pramoedya Ananta Toer, Javanese novelist and short-story writer, the preeminent prose writer of postindependence Indonesia. Pramoedya, the son of a schoolteacher, went to Jakarta while a teenager and worked as a typist there under the Japanese occupation during World War II. In 1945, at the end of…

Vasco Pratolini, Italian short-story writer and novelist, known particularly for compassionate portraits of the Florentine poor during the Fascist era. He is considered a major figure in Italian Neorealism. Pratolini was reared in Florence, the setting of nearly all his fiction, in a poor family….

Premchand, Indian author of novels and short stories in Hindi and Urdu who pioneered in adapting Indian themes to Western literary styles. Premchand worked as a teacher until 1921, when he joined Mohandas K. Gandhi’s Noncooperation Movement. As a writer, he first gained renown for his Urdu-language…

Elizabeth Payson Prentiss, American writer of popular children’s books of a pious and homely character. Elizabeth Payson was the daughter of a well-known minister and revivalist. At age 19 she opened a short-lived school, but ill health made it difficult for her to establish herself. In 1845 she…

Reynolds Price, American writer whose stories are set in the southern U.S. state of North Carolina, where he spent nearly all of his life. Price grew up in small towns and attended Duke University in Durham, North Carolina (A.B. 1955), where the works of Eudora Welty became a primary influence on…

Katharine Susannah Prichard, Australian novelist and writer of short stories, plays, and verse, best known for Coonardoo (1929). Prichard’s father was editor of the Fiji Times, and she grew up mostly in Australia. She first worked as a newspaper journalist in Melbourne and Sydney and then as a…

V.S. Pritchett, British novelist, short-story writer, and critic known throughout his long writing career for his ironic style and his lively portraits of middle-class life. Pritchett left his London school at age 15 to work in the leather trade. He became a full-time journalist in 1922, working as…

E. Annie Proulx, American writer whose darkly comic yet sad fiction is peopled with quirky, memorable individuals and unconventional families. Proulx traveled widely, extensively researching physical backgrounds and locales. She frequently used regional speech patterns, surprising and scathing…

Marcel Proust, French novelist, author of À la recherche du temps perdu (1913–27; In Search of Lost Time), a seven-volume novel based on Proust’s life told psychologically and allegorically. Marcel was the son of Adrien Proust, an eminent physician of provincial French Catholic descent, and his…

Bolesław Prus, Polish journalist, short-story writer, and novelist who was one of the leading figures of the Positivist period in Polish literature following the 1863 January Insurrection against Russian rule. Born to an impoverished gentry family, Prus was orphaned early in life and struggled…

Pu Songling, Chinese fiction writer whose Liaozhai zhiyi (1766; “Strange Stories from Liaozhai’s Studio”; Eng. trans. Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio) resuscitated the classical genre of short stories. Pu’s impressive collection of 431 tales of the unusual and supernatural was largely…

James Purdy, American novelist and short-story writer whose works explored the American way of life and presented a vision of human alienation, indifference, and cruelty. Purdy, who grew up in small Ohio towns, was educated at the Universities of Chicago and Puebla (Mexico). He served as an…

Aleksandr Pushkin, Russian poet, novelist, dramatist, and short-story writer; he has often been considered his country’s greatest poet and the founder of modern Russian literature. Pushkin’s father came of an old boyar family; his mother was a granddaughter of Abram Hannibal, who, according to…

Thomas Pynchon, American novelist and short-story writer whose works combine black humour and fantasy to depict human alienation in the chaos of modern society. After earning a B.A. in English from Cornell University in 1958, Pynchon spent a year in Greenwich Village writing short stories and…

Qian Zhongshu, Chinese scholar and writer whose erudition and scholarly achievements were practically unrivaled in 20th-century China. Qian attended missionary schools in Suzhou and Wuxi while receiving English and classical Chinese training under the tutelage of his father. A student of the…

Sir Arthur Thomas Quiller-Couch, English poet, novelist, and anthologist noted for his compilation of The Oxford Book of English Verse 1250–1900 (1900; revised 1939) and The Oxford Book of Ballads (1910). He was educated at Newton Abbot College, Clifton College, and Trinity College, Oxford, where…

Horacio Quiroga, Uruguayan-born short-story writer whose imaginative portrayal of the struggle of humans and animals to survive in the tropical jungle earned him recognition as a master of the short story. He also excelled in depicting mental illness and hallucinatory states, in stories that…

Wilhelm Raabe, German writer best known for realistic novels of middle-class life. After leaving school in Wolfenbüttel in 1849, Raabe was apprenticed for four years to a Magdeburg book dealer, during which time he read widely. Although he attended lectures at Berlin University, the important…

Thomas Head Raddall, English-Canadian novelist, who accurately depicted the history, manners, and idiom of Nova Scotians. Raddall immigrated to Nova Scotia with his family in 1913 after his father, a military officer, was transferred to Halifax. The younger Raddall was briefly employed as a…

Ian Rankin, Scottish best-selling crime novelist, creator of the Inspector Rebus series. (For Rankin’s reflections on the Scottish capital, see Edinburgh: A City of Stories.) Rankin grew up in a small coal-mining town, where at a young age he displayed a talent for writing poetry. He studied…

Raja Rao, author who was among the most-significant Indian novelists writing in English during the middle decades of the 20th century. Descended from a distinguished Brahman family in southern India, Rao studied English at Nizam College, Hyderabad, and then at the University of Madras, where he…

Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings, American short-story writer and novelist who founded a regional literature of backwoods Florida. Marjorie Kinnan’s father, who worked for the U.S. Patent Office, died when she was age 17, and she moved with her mother to Madison, Wis. One of her childhood stories had been…

Jean Ray, Belgian novelist, short-story writer, and journalist who is known for his crime fiction and narratives of horror and the fantastic in both French and Flemish (Dutch). De Kremer worked as a city employee, from 1910 to 1919, before working as a journalist (1919–40). He began to publish…

James Crerar Reaney, Canadian poet and playwright whose works transform Ontario small-town life into the realm of dream and symbol. Reaney received a Ph.D. from the University of Toronto (1959), and in 1960 he founded Alphabet, a literary magazine, and became professor of English at the University…

Aleksey Mikhaylovich Remizov, Symbolist writer whose works had a strong influence on Russian writers before and after the 1917 Revolution. Born into a poor family of merchant ancestry, Remizov gained his early experiences in the streets of Moscow. He attended the University of Moscow but was…

Ruth Rendell, British writer of mystery novels, psychological crime novels, and short stories who was perhaps best known for her novels featuring Chief Inspector Reginald Wexford. Rendell initially worked as a reporter and copy editor for West Essex newspapers. Her first novel, From Doon with Death…

Gerard Reve, Dutch writer noted for his virtuoso style and sardonic humour. His subject matter was occasionally controversial, treating such topics as homosexuality and sadism. Although Reve invented a fanciful background for himself as the Dutch-born child of Baltic-Russian refugees, he was in…

José Revueltas, Mexican novelist, short-story writer, and political activist who was one of the originators of the new Mexican novel. Revueltas was a member of a family of prominent artists. His brother Silvestre Revueltas was a noted composer. Politically active at age 14, Revueltas joined the…

Alfonso Reyes, poet, essayist, short-story writer, literary scholar and critic, educator, and diplomat, generally considered one of the most distinguished Mexican men of letters of the 20th century. While still a student, Reyes established himself as an original scholar and an elegant stylist with…

Władysław Stanisław Reymont, Polish writer and novelist who was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1924. Reymont never completed his schooling but was at various times in his youth a shop apprentice, a lay brother in a monastery, a railway official, and an actor. His early writing includes…

Jean Rhys, West Indian novelist who earned acclaim for her early works set in the bohemian world of Europe in the 1920s and ’30s but who stopped writing for nearly three decades, until she wrote a successful novel set in the West Indies. The daughter of a Welsh doctor and a Creole mother, Rhys…

Rui Ribeiro Couto, Brazilian poet, short-story writer, and diplomat, one of the leading figures of Modernism in its early years. Originally a symbolist poet, Ribeiro Couto evolved toward the Modernism that exploded upon the Brazilian literary scene in the early 1920s, publishing poems and short…

Aquilino Ribeiro, novelist, the mainstay of Portuguese fiction writing until the surge of neorealist regionalism that began in 1930. Ribeiro’s revolutionary activism forced him to flee Portugal several times between 1908 and 1932. Much of his time in exile was spent in Paris. Although one of his…

Julio Ramón Ribeyro, short-story writer, novelist, and playwright, one of the Latin American masters of the short story, whose works display a rare mix of social criticism and fantasy, projecting a bleak view of Peruvian life. Ribeyro was the author of some eight volumes of short stories, the…

James Rice, English novelist best known for his literary partnership with Sir Walter Besant. Rice was educated at Queens’ College, Cambridge, where he graduated in law in 1867. In 1868 Rice bought Once a Week, which proved a losing venture for him but brought him into touch with Besant, who was a…

Barnabe Rich, English author and soldier whose Farewell to Militarie Profession (1581) was the source for Shakespeare’s Twelfth Night. He entered military service in 1562 and fought in the Low Countries and in Ireland; he eventually became a captain. Later he was an informer for the crown in…

Henry Handel Richardson, Australian novelist whose trilogy The Fortunes of Richard Mahony, combining description of an Australian immigrant’s life and work in the goldfields with a powerful character study, is considered the crowning achievement of modern Australian fiction to that time. From 1883…

Conrad Michael Richter, American short-story writer and novelist known for his lyrical fiction about early America. As a young man, Richter did odd jobs and at age 19 became the editor of the Patton (Pennsylvania) Courier. He then worked as a reporter and founded a juvenile magazine that he…

Richard Rive, South African writer, literary critic, and teacher whose short stories, which were dominated by the ironies and oppression of apartheid and by the degradation of slum life, have been extensively anthologized and translated into more than a dozen languages. He was considered to be one…

Augusto Roa Bastos, Latin American novelist, short-story writer, and film scriptwriter of national and international fame. Born in a country village, Roa Bastos attended military school in Asunción in 1925 and fought in the Chaco War (1932–35) against Bolivia. While a student, he also gained an…

Elizabeth Madox Roberts, Southern American novelist, poet, and short story writer noted especially for her vivid, impressionistic depiction of her protagonists’ inner life and for her accurate portrayal of life in Kentucky. Educated in schools in Springfield, a village near her birthplace, Roberts…

Kate Roberts, one of the outstanding Welsh-language novelists and short-story writers of the 20th century and the first woman to be recognized as a major figure in the history of Welsh literature. Roberts set her early works in the quarrying districts of North Wales and in the mining villages of…

Sir Charles G.D. Roberts, poet who was the first to express the new national feeling aroused by the Canadian confederation of 1867. His example and counsel inspired a whole nationalist school of late 19th-century poets, the Confederation group. Also a prolific prose writer, Roberts wrote several…

Manuel Rojas, Chilean novelist and short-story writer. As a youth, Rojas traveled along the Argentine and Chilean border while working as an unskilled labourer. Many of the situations and characters he encountered there later became part of his fictional world. He became a linotype operator and…

Frederick William Rolfe, English author and eccentric, best known for his autobiographical fantasy Hadrian the Seventh. He provides the curious example of an artist rescued from obscurity by his biographer; many years after Rolfe’s death A.J.A. Symons wrote a colourful biographical fantasy, The…

Dominique Rolin, Belgian novelist noted for embracing new narrative techniques. Author of more than 30 books in 50 years, Rolin produced a body of fiction that centres on the themes of birth, death, family, and physical dislocation. Between 1942 and 1946, influenced by German Romanticism, Rolin…

Luís Romano, Cape Verdean poet, novelist, and folklorist who wrote in both Portuguese and Cape Verdean Creole. Romano lived in both Senegal and Morocco before settling, in 1962, in Brazil. Though a trained mechanical and electrical engineer, he worked as a coal miner, public functionary, carpenter,…

José Rubén Romero, Mexican novelist and short-story writer whose vivid depiction of the people and customs of his native state of Michoacán brought him critical acclaim as an outstanding modern costumbrista, or novelist of manners. His character Pito Pérez, a lovable rascal, won the hearts of a…

Henry Roth, American teacher, farmer, machinist, and sporadic author whose novel Call It Sleep (1934) was one of the neglected masterpieces of American literature in the 1930s. The son of Jewish immigrants, Roth graduated from the College of the City of New York in 1928 and held a variety of jobs…

Veronica Roth, American writer known for her Divergent trilogy of science-fiction novels for young adults, which unfolds as a coming-of-age story set in a postapocalyptic Chicago. Roth, who grew up in Barrington, Illinois, began writing at an early age and was an avid reader. She was a fan of the…

Steele Rudd, novelist, playwright, and short-story writer whose comic characters are a well-known part of Australia’s literary heritage. Son of a blacksmith, Rudd worked as a horsebreaker, stockman, and drover before going to Brisbane, where he became a clerk and began to write poems and sketches…

Jane Rule, American-born Canadian novelist, essayist, and short-story writer known for her exploration of lesbian themes. Upon graduation from Mills College, Oakland, Calif., in 1952, Rule studied briefly at University College, London, and Stanford University. She taught English and biology in a…

Juan Rulfo, Mexican writer who is considered one of the finest novelists and short-story creators in 20th-century Latin America, though his production—consisting essentially of two books—was very small. Because of the themes of his fiction, he is often seen as the last of the novelists of the…

Michael Rumaker, American author whose works were often semiautobiographical and featured gay protagonists. Rumaker graduated with honours from Black Mountain College in North Carolina in 1955. He then lived for more than a year in San Francisco, where he became involved in the Beat movement. In…

Damon Runyon, American journalist and short-story writer, best known for his book Guys and Dolls, written in the regional slang that became his trademark. Sources differ on the day and year of Runyon’s birth, although a birth announcement in a local newspaper is often cited in support of 1880. He…

Salman Rushdie, Indian-born writer whose allegorical novels examine historical and philosophical issues by means of surreal characters, brooding humour, and an effusive and melodramatic prose style. His treatment of sensitive religious and political subjects made him a controversial figure….

José Régio, Portuguese poet, novelist, dramatist, and literary critic, generally considered one of the most accomplished literary figures in Portugal in the first half of the 20th century. Régio began his literary career while still a student at the University of Coimbra with the publication of his…

Marquis de Sade, French nobleman whose perverse sexual preferences and erotic writings gave rise to the term sadism. His best-known work is the novel Justine (1791). Related to the royal house of Condé, the de Sade family numbered among its ancestors Laure de Noves, whom the 14th-century Italian…

Abdoulaye Sadji, Senegalese writer and teacher who was one of the founders of African prose fiction in French. Sadji was the son of a marabout (Muslim holy man) and attended Qurʾānic school before entering the colonial school system. He was graduated from the William Ponty teacher training college…

Nayantara Sahgal, Indian journalist and novelist whose fiction presents the personal crises of India’s elite amid settings of political upheaval. Sahgal was educated in the United States at Wellesley College (B.A., 1947). Well acquainted with Indian aristocracy—her uncle was Jawaharlal Nehru, her…

Saki, Scottish writer and journalist whose stories depict the Edwardian social scene with a flippant wit and power of fantastic invention used both to satirize social pretension, unkindness, and stupidity and to create an atmosphere of horror. Munro was the son of an officer in the Burma police. At…

J.D. Salinger, American writer whose novel The Catcher in the Rye (1951) won critical acclaim and devoted admirers, especially among the post-World War II generation of college students. His corpus of published works also consists of short stories that were printed in magazines, including the The…

Andrew Salkey, Caribbean author, anthologist, and editor whose work reflected a commitment to Jamaican culture. Raised in Jamaica, Salkey attended the University of London and became part of the London community of emerging West Indian writers. He became a freelance writer and journalist and…

James Salter, American fiction writer and screenwriter whose work is characterized by a careful, economical use of language and by themes that often involve the passage of time and the losses experienced along the way. Horowitz was raised in New York City and attended Horace Mann School there. At…

Mikhail Yevgrafovich, Count Saltykov, novelist of radical sympathies and one of greatest of all Russian satirists. A sensitive boy, he was deeply shocked by his mother’s cruel treatment of peasants, which he later described in one of his most important works, Poshekhonskaya starina (1887–89; “Old…

George Sand, French Romantic writer known primarily for her so-called rustic novels. She was brought up at Nohant, near La Châtre in Berry, the country home of her grandmother. There she gained the profound love and understanding of the countryside that were to inform most of her works. In 1817 she…

Margaret Elizabeth Munson Sangster, American writer and editor, noted in her day for her stories and books that mingled Christian devotion with homely wisdom. Margaret Munson was an avid reader from an early age. She turned easily to writing, and her first published story, “Little Janey” (1855),…

William Sansom, writer of short stories, novels, and travel books who is considered particularly acute in his dissections of London life and scenes. Educated at Uppingham School, Rutland, Sansom worked in banking and advertising until World War II. After writing some film scripts following the war,…

José Saramago, Portuguese novelist and man of letters who was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1998. The son of rural labourers, Saramago grew up in great poverty in Lisbon. After holding a series of jobs as mechanic and metalworker, Saramago began working in a Lisbon publishing firm and…

Frank Sargeson, novelist and short-story writer whose ironic, stylistically diverse works made him the most widely known New Zealand literary figure of his day. Davey was born into a conservative Methodist family. His father was a businessman who eventually became the town clerk. Davey studied the…

William Saroyan, U.S. writer who made his initial impact during the Depression with a deluge of brash, original, and irreverent stories celebrating the joy of living in spite of poverty, hunger, and insecurity. The son of an Armenian immigrant, Saroyan left school at 15 and educated himself by…

Satō Haruo, Japanese poet, novelist, and critic whose fiction is noted for its poetic vision and romantic imagination. Satō came from a family of physicians with scholarly and literary interests. He entered Keiō University in Tokyo to study with the novelist Nagai Kafū in 1910, but he had already…

George Saunders, American writer best known for his debut novel, Lincoln in the Bardo (2017), which won the Booker Prize. Saunders was born in Amarillo, Texas, and grew up in Chicago. He received a B.S. from the Colorado School of Mines in 1981 and an M.F.A. from Syracuse University in 1988. He met…

John Sayles, American motion-picture director, screenwriter, novelist, and actor who since the 1980s has been among the most prominent independent filmmakers in the United States. Parlaying his fees as a screenwriter of mainstream Hollywood films into funding for his own ambitious filmmaking…

Arno Schmidt, novelist, translator, and critic, whose experimental prose established him as the preeminent Modernist of 20th-century German literature. With roots in both German Romanticism and Expressionism, he attempted to develop modern prose forms that correspond more closely to the workings of…

Delmore Schwartz, American poet, short-story writer, and literary critic noted for his lyrical descriptions of cultural alienation and the search for identity. Educated at the University of Wisconsin, New York University, and Harvard University, Schwartz later taught at Harvard and at a number of…

Duncan Campbell Scott, Canadian administrator, poet, and short-story writer, best known at the end of the 20th century for advocating the assimilation of Canada’s First Nations peoples. In 1879 Scott joined the Canadian Department of Indian Affairs; he reached the highest levels of this agency…

David Sedaris, American humorist and essayist best known for his sardonic autobiographical stories and social commentary, which appeared on the radio and in numerous best-selling books. Sedaris grew up in Raleigh, North Carolina, the second eldest of six siblings; his sister Amy also became a noted…

Anne Douglas Sedgwick, expatriate American writer whose best-selling fiction observed European and American cultural differences. Sedgwick lived from the age of nine in London, where her father had business connections. In 1898 a novel she had written for private amusement was, through her father’s…

Peter Seeberg, Danish novelist influenced by French existentialism. Seeberg’s first book appeared in 1956, Bipersonerne (“Secondary Characters”), a novel about a collective of foreign workers in Berlin toward the end of World War II. These workers inhabit an unreal world, a film studio, at an…

Ahmed Sefrioui, Moroccan novelist and short-story writer whose works record the everyday lives of the common people in Fès, Mor. The son of a Berber miller, Sefrioui was educated in Fès and ultimately became director of the Bureau of Tourism there. He was one of the few French-speaking Maghribian…

Francis Selormey, Ghanaian writer and teacher whose semiautobiographical novel, The Narrow Path: An African Childhood (1966), was hailed as a distinguished addition to African literature. Selormey began his career as a physical-education teacher and administrator. His first published work was “The…

Samuel Selvon, Caribbean novelist and short-story writer of East Indian descent, known for his vivid evocation of the life of East Indians living in the West Indies and elsewhere. He came to public attention during the 1950s with a number of other Caribbean writers, including V.S. Naipaul. Selvon…

Ousmane Sembène, Senegalese writer and film director known for his historical and political themes. Sembène spent his early years as a fisherman on the Casamance coast. He studied at the School of Ceramics at Marsassoum and then moved to Dakar, where he worked as a bricklayer, plumber, and…

Ernest Thompson Seton, naturalist and writer who was an early practitioner of the modern school of animal-fiction writing. Seton was raised in North America, his family having emigrated to Canada in 1866. Drawn to nature, Seton resisted his family’s attempt to make an artist of him. He gained…

Omer Seyfeddin, short-story writer who is considered to be one of the greatest modern Turkish authors. Seyfeddin studied in the military schools of Edirne and Constantinople and then entered the army, eventually taking part in the Balkan Wars (1912–13). After leaving the army, he devoted himself to…

Maurice Shadbolt, New Zealand author of novels and short stories set in his native land, which he called “a last frontier for the human race, and a paradise lost.” As a young man, Shadbolt worked as a documentary-film scriptwriter and a director and then turned to journalism. He became a full-time…

Varlam Shalamov, Russian writer best known for a series of short stories about imprisonment in Soviet labour camps. In 1922 Shalamov went to Moscow and worked in a factory. Accused of counterrevolutionary activities while a law student at Moscow State University, Shalamov served two years at hard…

Irwin Shaw, prolific American playwright, screenwriter, and author of critically acclaimed short stories and best-selling novels. Shaw studied at Brooklyn College (B.A., 1934) and at age 21 began his career by writing the scripts of the popular Andy Gump and Dick Tracy radio shows. He wrote his…

Shen Congwen, author of fiction and prose who is commonly considered the greatest lyric novelist in modern China. Shen was a member of the Miao ethnic minority. At age 16 he joined a regiment in Yuanling, where he spent the next few years adding to his scanty education and observing the border…

Sam Shepard, American playwright and actor whose plays adroitly blend images of the American West, Pop motifs, science fiction, and other elements of popular and youth culture. As the son of a career army father, Shepard spent his childhood on military bases across the United States and in Guam…

Carol Shields, American-born Canadian author whose work explores the lives of ordinary people. Her masterpiece, The Stone Diaries (1993), won a Pulitzer Prize in 1995. Shields grew up in the United States and in 1957 graduated from Hanover College in Indiana. That same year she married and moved to…

Shiga Naoya, Japanese fiction writer, a master stylist whose intuitive delicacy and conciseness have been epitomized as the “Shiga style.” Born into an aristocratic samurai family, Shiga was taken by his parents to live with his paternal grandparents in Tokyo in 1885. In his youth he was influenced…

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov, Russian novelist, winner of the 1965 Nobel Prize for Literature for his novels and stories about the Cossacks of southern Russia. After joining the Red Army in 1920 and spending two years in Moscow, he returned in 1924 to his native Cossack village in the Don…

Henryk Sienkiewicz, Polish novelist, winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1905. Sienkiewicz’s family owned a small estate but lost everything and moved to Warsaw, where Sienkiewicz studied literature, history, and philology at Warsaw University. He left the university in 1871 without taking…

Frans Eemil Sillanpää, first Finnish writer to win the Nobel Prize for Literature (1939). The son of a peasant farmer, Sillanpää began studying natural science but in 1913 returned to the country, married, and began to write. His first short stories were published in journals in 1915. From 1924 to…

Alan Sillitoe, writer, one of the so-called Angry Young Men, whose brash and angry accounts of working-class life injected new vigour into post-World War II British fiction. The son of a tannery worker, Sillitoe worked in factories from the age of 14. In 1946 he joined the air force, and for two…

Ignazio Silone, Italian novelist, short-story writer, and political leader, world famous during World War II for his powerful anti-Fascist novels. Born into a rural family, Silone was educated in the town of his birth until he was 15, when an earthquake killed his mother and left the family in…

William Gilmore Simms, outstanding Southern novelist. Motherless at two, Simms was reared by his grandmother while his father fought in the Creek wars and under Jackson at New Orleans in 1814. Simms lived a vicariously adventurous childhood through his father, while absorbing history through his…

T.F. Powys, English novelist and short-story writer whose works dealt mainly with the hardships and brutalities of rural life. The brother of the authors John Cowper and Llewelyn Powys, he did not go to a university but rather turned to farming for several years. Thereafter he lived frugally on an…

Pramoedya Ananta Toer, Javanese novelist and short-story writer, the preeminent prose writer of postindependence Indonesia. Pramoedya, the son of a schoolteacher, went to Jakarta while a teenager and worked as a typist there under the Japanese occupation during World War II. In 1945, at the end of…

Vasco Pratolini, Italian short-story writer and novelist, known particularly for compassionate portraits of the Florentine poor during the Fascist era. He is considered a major figure in Italian Neorealism. Pratolini was reared in Florence, the setting of nearly all his fiction, in a poor family….

Premchand, Indian author of novels and short stories in Hindi and Urdu who pioneered in adapting Indian themes to Western literary styles. Premchand worked as a teacher until 1921, when he joined Mohandas K. Gandhi’s Noncooperation Movement. As a writer, he first gained renown for his Urdu-language…

Elizabeth Payson Prentiss, American writer of popular children’s books of a pious and homely character. Elizabeth Payson was the daughter of a well-known minister and revivalist. At age 19 she opened a short-lived school, but ill health made it difficult for her to establish herself. In 1845 she…

Reynolds Price, American writer whose stories are set in the southern U.S. state of North Carolina, where he spent nearly all of his life. Price grew up in small towns and attended Duke University in Durham, North Carolina (A.B. 1955), where the works of Eudora Welty became a primary influence on…

Katharine Susannah Prichard, Australian novelist and writer of short stories, plays, and verse, best known for Coonardoo (1929). Prichard’s father was editor of the Fiji Times, and she grew up mostly in Australia. She first worked as a newspaper journalist in Melbourne and Sydney and then as a…

V.S. Pritchett, British novelist, short-story writer, and critic known throughout his long writing career for his ironic style and his lively portraits of middle-class life. Pritchett left his London school at age 15 to work in the leather trade. He became a full-time journalist in 1922, working as…

E. Annie Proulx, American writer whose darkly comic yet sad fiction is peopled with quirky, memorable individuals and unconventional families. Proulx traveled widely, extensively researching physical backgrounds and locales. She frequently used regional speech patterns, surprising and scathing…

Marcel Proust, French novelist, author of À la recherche du temps perdu (1913–27; In Search of Lost Time), a seven-volume novel based on Proust’s life told psychologically and allegorically. Marcel was the son of Adrien Proust, an eminent physician of provincial French Catholic descent, and his…

Bolesław Prus, Polish journalist, short-story writer, and novelist who was one of the leading figures of the Positivist period in Polish literature following the 1863 January Insurrection against Russian rule. Born to an impoverished gentry family, Prus was orphaned early in life and struggled…

Pu Songling, Chinese fiction writer whose Liaozhai zhiyi (1766; “Strange Stories from Liaozhai’s Studio”; Eng. trans. Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio) resuscitated the classical genre of short stories. Pu’s impressive collection of 431 tales of the unusual and supernatural was largely…

James Purdy, American novelist and short-story writer whose works explored the American way of life and presented a vision of human alienation, indifference, and cruelty. Purdy, who grew up in small Ohio towns, was educated at the Universities of Chicago and Puebla (Mexico). He served as an…

Aleksandr Pushkin, Russian poet, novelist, dramatist, and short-story writer; he has often been considered his country’s greatest poet and the founder of modern Russian literature. Pushkin’s father came of an old boyar family; his mother was a granddaughter of Abram Hannibal, who, according to…

Thomas Pynchon, American novelist and short-story writer whose works combine black humour and fantasy to depict human alienation in the chaos of modern society. After earning a B.A. in English from Cornell University in 1958, Pynchon spent a year in Greenwich Village writing short stories and…

Qian Zhongshu, Chinese scholar and writer whose erudition and scholarly achievements were practically unrivaled in 20th-century China. Qian attended missionary schools in Suzhou and Wuxi while receiving English and classical Chinese training under the tutelage of his father. A student of the…

Sir Arthur Thomas Quiller-Couch, English poet, novelist, and anthologist noted for his compilation of The Oxford Book of English Verse 1250–1900 (1900; revised 1939) and The Oxford Book of Ballads (1910). He was educated at Newton Abbot College, Clifton College, and Trinity College, Oxford, where…

Horacio Quiroga, Uruguayan-born short-story writer whose imaginative portrayal of the struggle of humans and animals to survive in the tropical jungle earned him recognition as a master of the short story. He also excelled in depicting mental illness and hallucinatory states, in stories that…

Wilhelm Raabe, German writer best known for realistic novels of middle-class life. After leaving school in Wolfenbüttel in 1849, Raabe was apprenticed for four years to a Magdeburg book dealer, during which time he read widely. Although he attended lectures at Berlin University, the important…

Thomas Head Raddall, English-Canadian novelist, who accurately depicted the history, manners, and idiom of Nova Scotians. Raddall immigrated to Nova Scotia with his family in 1913 after his father, a military officer, was transferred to Halifax. The younger Raddall was briefly employed as a…

Ian Rankin, Scottish best-selling crime novelist, creator of the Inspector Rebus series. (For Rankin’s reflections on the Scottish capital, see Edinburgh: A City of Stories.) Rankin grew up in a small coal-mining town, where at a young age he displayed a talent for writing poetry. He studied…

Raja Rao, author who was among the most-significant Indian novelists writing in English during the middle decades of the 20th century. Descended from a distinguished Brahman family in southern India, Rao studied English at Nizam College, Hyderabad, and then at the University of Madras, where he…

Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings, American short-story writer and novelist who founded a regional literature of backwoods Florida. Marjorie Kinnan’s father, who worked for the U.S. Patent Office, died when she was age 17, and she moved with her mother to Madison, Wis. One of her childhood stories had been…

Jean Ray, Belgian novelist, short-story writer, and journalist who is known for his crime fiction and narratives of horror and the fantastic in both French and Flemish (Dutch). De Kremer worked as a city employee, from 1910 to 1919, before working as a journalist (1919–40). He began to publish…

James Crerar Reaney, Canadian poet and playwright whose works transform Ontario small-town life into the realm of dream and symbol. Reaney received a Ph.D. from the University of Toronto (1959), and in 1960 he founded Alphabet, a literary magazine, and became professor of English at the University…

Aleksey Mikhaylovich Remizov, Symbolist writer whose works had a strong influence on Russian writers before and after the 1917 Revolution. Born into a poor family of merchant ancestry, Remizov gained his early experiences in the streets of Moscow. He attended the University of Moscow but was…

Ruth Rendell, British writer of mystery novels, psychological crime novels, and short stories who was perhaps best known for her novels featuring Chief Inspector Reginald Wexford. Rendell initially worked as a reporter and copy editor for West Essex newspapers. Her first novel, From Doon with Death…

Gerard Reve, Dutch writer noted for his virtuoso style and sardonic humour. His subject matter was occasionally controversial, treating such topics as homosexuality and sadism. Although Reve invented a fanciful background for himself as the Dutch-born child of Baltic-Russian refugees, he was in…

José Revueltas, Mexican novelist, short-story writer, and political activist who was one of the originators of the new Mexican novel. Revueltas was a member of a family of prominent artists. His brother Silvestre Revueltas was a noted composer. Politically active at age 14, Revueltas joined the…

Alfonso Reyes, poet, essayist, short-story writer, literary scholar and critic, educator, and diplomat, generally considered one of the most distinguished Mexican men of letters of the 20th century. While still a student, Reyes established himself as an original scholar and an elegant stylist with…

Władysław Stanisław Reymont, Polish writer and novelist who was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1924. Reymont never completed his schooling but was at various times in his youth a shop apprentice, a lay brother in a monastery, a railway official, and an actor. His early writing includes…

Jean Rhys, West Indian novelist who earned acclaim for her early works set in the bohemian world of Europe in the 1920s and ’30s but who stopped writing for nearly three decades, until she wrote a successful novel set in the West Indies. The daughter of a Welsh doctor and a Creole mother, Rhys…

Rui Ribeiro Couto, Brazilian poet, short-story writer, and diplomat, one of the leading figures of Modernism in its early years. Originally a symbolist poet, Ribeiro Couto evolved toward the Modernism that exploded upon the Brazilian literary scene in the early 1920s, publishing poems and short…

Aquilino Ribeiro, novelist, the mainstay of Portuguese fiction writing until the surge of neorealist regionalism that began in 1930. Ribeiro’s revolutionary activism forced him to flee Portugal several times between 1908 and 1932. Much of his time in exile was spent in Paris. Although one of his…

Julio Ramón Ribeyro, short-story writer, novelist, and playwright, one of the Latin American masters of the short story, whose works display a rare mix of social criticism and fantasy, projecting a bleak view of Peruvian life. Ribeyro was the author of some eight volumes of short stories, the…

James Rice, English novelist best known for his literary partnership with Sir Walter Besant. Rice was educated at Queens’ College, Cambridge, where he graduated in law in 1867. In 1868 Rice bought Once a Week, which proved a losing venture for him but brought him into touch with Besant, who was a…

Barnabe Rich, English author and soldier whose Farewell to Militarie Profession (1581) was the source for Shakespeare’s Twelfth Night. He entered military service in 1562 and fought in the Low Countries and in Ireland; he eventually became a captain. Later he was an informer for the crown in…

Henry Handel Richardson, Australian novelist whose trilogy The Fortunes of Richard Mahony, combining description of an Australian immigrant’s life and work in the goldfields with a powerful character study, is considered the crowning achievement of modern Australian fiction to that time. From 1883…

Conrad Michael Richter, American short-story writer and novelist known for his lyrical fiction about early America. As a young man, Richter did odd jobs and at age 19 became the editor of the Patton (Pennsylvania) Courier. He then worked as a reporter and founded a juvenile magazine that he…

Richard Rive, South African writer, literary critic, and teacher whose short stories, which were dominated by the ironies and oppression of apartheid and by the degradation of slum life, have been extensively anthologized and translated into more than a dozen languages. He was considered to be one…

Augusto Roa Bastos, Latin American novelist, short-story writer, and film scriptwriter of national and international fame. Born in a country village, Roa Bastos attended military school in Asunción in 1925 and fought in the Chaco War (1932–35) against Bolivia. While a student, he also gained an…

Elizabeth Madox Roberts, Southern American novelist, poet, and short story writer noted especially for her vivid, impressionistic depiction of her protagonists’ inner life and for her accurate portrayal of life in Kentucky. Educated in schools in Springfield, a village near her birthplace, Roberts…

Kate Roberts, one of the outstanding Welsh-language novelists and short-story writers of the 20th century and the first woman to be recognized as a major figure in the history of Welsh literature. Roberts set her early works in the quarrying districts of North Wales and in the mining villages of…

Sir Charles G.D. Roberts, poet who was the first to express the new national feeling aroused by the Canadian confederation of 1867. His example and counsel inspired a whole nationalist school of late 19th-century poets, the Confederation group. Also a prolific prose writer, Roberts wrote several…

Manuel Rojas, Chilean novelist and short-story writer. As a youth, Rojas traveled along the Argentine and Chilean border while working as an unskilled labourer. Many of the situations and characters he encountered there later became part of his fictional world. He became a linotype operator and…

Frederick William Rolfe, English author and eccentric, best known for his autobiographical fantasy Hadrian the Seventh. He provides the curious example of an artist rescued from obscurity by his biographer; many years after Rolfe’s death A.J.A. Symons wrote a colourful biographical fantasy, The…

Dominique Rolin, Belgian novelist noted for embracing new narrative techniques. Author of more than 30 books in 50 years, Rolin produced a body of fiction that centres on the themes of birth, death, family, and physical dislocation. Between 1942 and 1946, influenced by German Romanticism, Rolin…

Luís Romano, Cape Verdean poet, novelist, and folklorist who wrote in both Portuguese and Cape Verdean Creole. Romano lived in both Senegal and Morocco before settling, in 1962, in Brazil. Though a trained mechanical and electrical engineer, he worked as a coal miner, public functionary, carpenter,…

José Rubén Romero, Mexican novelist and short-story writer whose vivid depiction of the people and customs of his native state of Michoacán brought him critical acclaim as an outstanding modern costumbrista, or novelist of manners. His character Pito Pérez, a lovable rascal, won the hearts of a…

Henry Roth, American teacher, farmer, machinist, and sporadic author whose novel Call It Sleep (1934) was one of the neglected masterpieces of American literature in the 1930s. The son of Jewish immigrants, Roth graduated from the College of the City of New York in 1928 and held a variety of jobs…

Veronica Roth, American writer known for her Divergent trilogy of science-fiction novels for young adults, which unfolds as a coming-of-age story set in a postapocalyptic Chicago. Roth, who grew up in Barrington, Illinois, began writing at an early age and was an avid reader. She was a fan of the…

Steele Rudd, novelist, playwright, and short-story writer whose comic characters are a well-known part of Australia’s literary heritage. Son of a blacksmith, Rudd worked as a horsebreaker, stockman, and drover before going to Brisbane, where he became a clerk and began to write poems and sketches…

Jane Rule, American-born Canadian novelist, essayist, and short-story writer known for her exploration of lesbian themes. Upon graduation from Mills College, Oakland, Calif., in 1952, Rule studied briefly at University College, London, and Stanford University. She taught English and biology in a…

Juan Rulfo, Mexican writer who is considered one of the finest novelists and short-story creators in 20th-century Latin America, though his production—consisting essentially of two books—was very small. Because of the themes of his fiction, he is often seen as the last of the novelists of the…

Michael Rumaker, American author whose works were often semiautobiographical and featured gay protagonists. Rumaker graduated with honours from Black Mountain College in North Carolina in 1955. He then lived for more than a year in San Francisco, where he became involved in the Beat movement. In…

Damon Runyon, American journalist and short-story writer, best known for his book Guys and Dolls, written in the regional slang that became his trademark. Sources differ on the day and year of Runyon’s birth, although a birth announcement in a local newspaper is often cited in support of 1880. He…

Salman Rushdie, Indian-born writer whose allegorical novels examine historical and philosophical issues by means of surreal characters, brooding humour, and an effusive and melodramatic prose style. His treatment of sensitive religious and political subjects made him a controversial figure….

José Régio, Portuguese poet, novelist, dramatist, and literary critic, generally considered one of the most accomplished literary figures in Portugal in the first half of the 20th century. Régio began his literary career while still a student at the University of Coimbra with the publication of his…

Marquis de Sade, French nobleman whose perverse sexual preferences and erotic writings gave rise to the term sadism. His best-known work is the novel Justine (1791). Related to the royal house of Condé, the de Sade family numbered among its ancestors Laure de Noves, whom the 14th-century Italian…

Abdoulaye Sadji, Senegalese writer and teacher who was one of the founders of African prose fiction in French. Sadji was the son of a marabout (Muslim holy man) and attended Qurʾānic school before entering the colonial school system. He was graduated from the William Ponty teacher training college…

Nayantara Sahgal, Indian journalist and novelist whose fiction presents the personal crises of India’s elite amid settings of political upheaval. Sahgal was educated in the United States at Wellesley College (B.A., 1947). Well acquainted with Indian aristocracy—her uncle was Jawaharlal Nehru, her…

Saki, Scottish writer and journalist whose stories depict the Edwardian social scene with a flippant wit and power of fantastic invention used both to satirize social pretension, unkindness, and stupidity and to create an atmosphere of horror. Munro was the son of an officer in the Burma police. At…

J.D. Salinger, American writer whose novel The Catcher in the Rye (1951) won critical acclaim and devoted admirers, especially among the post-World War II generation of college students. His corpus of published works also consists of short stories that were printed in magazines, including the The…

Andrew Salkey, Caribbean author, anthologist, and editor whose work reflected a commitment to Jamaican culture. Raised in Jamaica, Salkey attended the University of London and became part of the London community of emerging West Indian writers. He became a freelance writer and journalist and…

James Salter, American fiction writer and screenwriter whose work is characterized by a careful, economical use of language and by themes that often involve the passage of time and the losses experienced along the way. Horowitz was raised in New York City and attended Horace Mann School there. At…

Mikhail Yevgrafovich, Count Saltykov, novelist of radical sympathies and one of greatest of all Russian satirists. A sensitive boy, he was deeply shocked by his mother’s cruel treatment of peasants, which he later described in one of his most important works, Poshekhonskaya starina (1887–89; “Old…

George Sand, French Romantic writer known primarily for her so-called rustic novels. She was brought up at Nohant, near La Châtre in Berry, the country home of her grandmother. There she gained the profound love and understanding of the countryside that were to inform most of her works. In 1817 she…

Margaret Elizabeth Munson Sangster, American writer and editor, noted in her day for her stories and books that mingled Christian devotion with homely wisdom. Margaret Munson was an avid reader from an early age. She turned easily to writing, and her first published story, “Little Janey” (1855),…

William Sansom, writer of short stories, novels, and travel books who is considered particularly acute in his dissections of London life and scenes. Educated at Uppingham School, Rutland, Sansom worked in banking and advertising until World War II. After writing some film scripts following the war,…

José Saramago, Portuguese novelist and man of letters who was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1998. The son of rural labourers, Saramago grew up in great poverty in Lisbon. After holding a series of jobs as mechanic and metalworker, Saramago began working in a Lisbon publishing firm and…

Frank Sargeson, novelist and short-story writer whose ironic, stylistically diverse works made him the most widely known New Zealand literary figure of his day. Davey was born into a conservative Methodist family. His father was a businessman who eventually became the town clerk. Davey studied the…

William Saroyan, U.S. writer who made his initial impact during the Depression with a deluge of brash, original, and irreverent stories celebrating the joy of living in spite of poverty, hunger, and insecurity. The son of an Armenian immigrant, Saroyan left school at 15 and educated himself by…

Satō Haruo, Japanese poet, novelist, and critic whose fiction is noted for its poetic vision and romantic imagination. Satō came from a family of physicians with scholarly and literary interests. He entered Keiō University in Tokyo to study with the novelist Nagai Kafū in 1910, but he had already…

George Saunders, American writer best known for his debut novel, Lincoln in the Bardo (2017), which won the Booker Prize. Saunders was born in Amarillo, Texas, and grew up in Chicago. He received a B.S. from the Colorado School of Mines in 1981 and an M.F.A. from Syracuse University in 1988. He met…

John Sayles, American motion-picture director, screenwriter, novelist, and actor who since the 1980s has been among the most prominent independent filmmakers in the United States. Parlaying his fees as a screenwriter of mainstream Hollywood films into funding for his own ambitious filmmaking…

Arno Schmidt, novelist, translator, and critic, whose experimental prose established him as the preeminent Modernist of 20th-century German literature. With roots in both German Romanticism and Expressionism, he attempted to develop modern prose forms that correspond more closely to the workings of…

Delmore Schwartz, American poet, short-story writer, and literary critic noted for his lyrical descriptions of cultural alienation and the search for identity. Educated at the University of Wisconsin, New York University, and Harvard University, Schwartz later taught at Harvard and at a number of…

Duncan Campbell Scott, Canadian administrator, poet, and short-story writer, best known at the end of the 20th century for advocating the assimilation of Canada’s First Nations peoples. In 1879 Scott joined the Canadian Department of Indian Affairs; he reached the highest levels of this agency…

David Sedaris, American humorist and essayist best known for his sardonic autobiographical stories and social commentary, which appeared on the radio and in numerous best-selling books. Sedaris grew up in Raleigh, North Carolina, the second eldest of six siblings; his sister Amy also became a noted…

Anne Douglas Sedgwick, expatriate American writer whose best-selling fiction observed European and American cultural differences. Sedgwick lived from the age of nine in London, where her father had business connections. In 1898 a novel she had written for private amusement was, through her father’s…

Peter Seeberg, Danish novelist influenced by French existentialism. Seeberg’s first book appeared in 1956, Bipersonerne (“Secondary Characters”), a novel about a collective of foreign workers in Berlin toward the end of World War II. These workers inhabit an unreal world, a film studio, at an…

Ahmed Sefrioui, Moroccan novelist and short-story writer whose works record the everyday lives of the common people in Fès, Mor. The son of a Berber miller, Sefrioui was educated in Fès and ultimately became director of the Bureau of Tourism there. He was one of the few French-speaking Maghribian…

Francis Selormey, Ghanaian writer and teacher whose semiautobiographical novel, The Narrow Path: An African Childhood (1966), was hailed as a distinguished addition to African literature. Selormey began his career as a physical-education teacher and administrator. His first published work was “The…

Samuel Selvon, Caribbean novelist and short-story writer of East Indian descent, known for his vivid evocation of the life of East Indians living in the West Indies and elsewhere. He came to public attention during the 1950s with a number of other Caribbean writers, including V.S. Naipaul. Selvon…

Ousmane Sembène, Senegalese writer and film director known for his historical and political themes. Sembène spent his early years as a fisherman on the Casamance coast. He studied at the School of Ceramics at Marsassoum and then moved to Dakar, where he worked as a bricklayer, plumber, and…

Ernest Thompson Seton, naturalist and writer who was an early practitioner of the modern school of animal-fiction writing. Seton was raised in North America, his family having emigrated to Canada in 1866. Drawn to nature, Seton resisted his family’s attempt to make an artist of him. He gained…

Omer Seyfeddin, short-story writer who is considered to be one of the greatest modern Turkish authors. Seyfeddin studied in the military schools of Edirne and Constantinople and then entered the army, eventually taking part in the Balkan Wars (1912–13). After leaving the army, he devoted himself to…

Maurice Shadbolt, New Zealand author of novels and short stories set in his native land, which he called “a last frontier for the human race, and a paradise lost.” As a young man, Shadbolt worked as a documentary-film scriptwriter and a director and then turned to journalism. He became a full-time…

Varlam Shalamov, Russian writer best known for a series of short stories about imprisonment in Soviet labour camps. In 1922 Shalamov went to Moscow and worked in a factory. Accused of counterrevolutionary activities while a law student at Moscow State University, Shalamov served two years at hard…

Irwin Shaw, prolific American playwright, screenwriter, and author of critically acclaimed short stories and best-selling novels. Shaw studied at Brooklyn College (B.A., 1934) and at age 21 began his career by writing the scripts of the popular Andy Gump and Dick Tracy radio shows. He wrote his…

Shen Congwen, author of fiction and prose who is commonly considered the greatest lyric novelist in modern China. Shen was a member of the Miao ethnic minority. At age 16 he joined a regiment in Yuanling, where he spent the next few years adding to his scanty education and observing the border…

Sam Shepard, American playwright and actor whose plays adroitly blend images of the American West, Pop motifs, science fiction, and other elements of popular and youth culture. As the son of a career army father, Shepard spent his childhood on military bases across the United States and in Guam…

Carol Shields, American-born Canadian author whose work explores the lives of ordinary people. Her masterpiece, The Stone Diaries (1993), won a Pulitzer Prize in 1995. Shields grew up in the United States and in 1957 graduated from Hanover College in Indiana. That same year she married and moved to…

Shiga Naoya, Japanese fiction writer, a master stylist whose intuitive delicacy and conciseness have been epitomized as the “Shiga style.” Born into an aristocratic samurai family, Shiga was taken by his parents to live with his paternal grandparents in Tokyo in 1885. In his youth he was influenced…

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov, Russian novelist, winner of the 1965 Nobel Prize for Literature for his novels and stories about the Cossacks of southern Russia. After joining the Red Army in 1920 and spending two years in Moscow, he returned in 1924 to his native Cossack village in the Don…

Henryk Sienkiewicz, Polish novelist, winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1905. Sienkiewicz’s family owned a small estate but lost everything and moved to Warsaw, where Sienkiewicz studied literature, history, and philology at Warsaw University. He left the university in 1871 without taking…

Frans Eemil Sillanpää, first Finnish writer to win the Nobel Prize for Literature (1939). The son of a peasant farmer, Sillanpää began studying natural science but in 1913 returned to the country, married, and began to write. His first short stories were published in journals in 1915. From 1924 to…

Alan Sillitoe, writer, one of the so-called Angry Young Men, whose brash and angry accounts of working-class life injected new vigour into post-World War II British fiction. The son of a tannery worker, Sillitoe worked in factories from the age of 14. In 1946 he joined the air force, and for two…

Ignazio Silone, Italian novelist, short-story writer, and political leader, world famous during World War II for his powerful anti-Fascist novels. Born into a rural family, Silone was educated in the town of his birth until he was 15, when an earthquake killed his mother and left the family in…

William Gilmore Simms, outstanding Southern novelist. Motherless at two, Simms was reared by his grandmother while his father fought in the Creek wars and under Jackson at New Orleans in 1814. Simms lived a vicariously adventurous childhood through his father, while absorbing history through his…

К 1876 году отец писателя разоряется и переезжает с семьёй в Москву. Антон Павлович остаётся в Таганроге, чтобы закончить обучение. Далее он поступает в Московский университет, где

изучает медицину

. В 1884 году переезжает в Вознесенск, где

работает уездным врачом

. Но от творчества писатель не отказывается. В это время были написаны некоторые известные рассказы, среди которых “Хирургия”.
Пару лет спустя Чехов

становится заведующим больницей в Звенигороде

.

Основные рассказы писателя в этот период связаны с медициной.

Например, “Сирена”, “Мёртвое тело”.