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Title page
Author	H. G. Wells
Cover artist	Ben Hardy
Country	United Kingdom
Language	English
Genre	Science fiction
Publisher	William Heinemann (UK) Henry Holt (US)
Publication date	1895
Pages	84
Text	The Time Machine at Wikisource

The Time Machine is a science fiction novella by H. G. Wells, published in 1895. The work is generally credited with the popularization of the concept of time travel by using a vehicle or device to travel purposely and selectively forward or backward through time. The term «time machine», coined by Wells, is now almost universally used to refer to such a vehicle or device.^[1]

Utilizing a frame story set in then-present Victorian England, Wells’ text focuses on a recount of the otherwise anonymous Time Traveller’s journey into the far future. A work of future history and speculative evolution, Time Machine is interpreted in modern times as a commentary on the increasing inequality and class divisions of Wells’ era, which he projects as giving rise to two separate human species: the fair, childlike Eloi, and the savage, simian Morlocks, distant descendants of the contemporary upper and lower classes respectively.^[2][3] It is believed that Wells’ depiction of the Eloi as a race living in plenitude and abandon was inspired by the utopic romance novel News from Nowhere (1890), though Wells’ universe in the novel is notably more savage and brutal.^[4]

In his 1931 preface to the book, Wells wrote that The Time Machine seemed «a very undergraduate performance to its now mature writer, as he looks over it once more», though he states that «the writer feels no remorse for this youthful effort». However, critics have praised the novella’s handling of its thematic concerns, with Marina Warner writing that the book was the most significant contribution to understanding fragments of desire^[clarify] before Sigmund Freud’s The Interpretation of Dreams, with the novel «[conveying] how close he felt to the melancholy seeker after a door that he once opened on to a luminous vision and could never find again».^[5]

The Time Machine has been adapted into two feature films of the same name, as well as two television versions and many comic book adaptations. It has also indirectly inspired many more works of fiction in many media productions.

History[edit]

Wells had considered the notion of time travel before, in a short story titled «The Chronic Argonauts» (1888). This work, published in his college newspaper, was the foundation for The Time Machine.

Wells frequently stated that he had thought of using some of this material in a series of articles in the Pall Mall Gazette until the publisher asked him if he could instead write a serial novel on the same theme. Wells readily agreed and was paid £100 (equal to about £12,000 today) on its publication by Heinemann in 1895, which first published the story in serial form in the January to May editions of The New Review (newly under the nominal editorship of W. E. Henley).^[6] Henry Holt and Company published the first book edition (possibly prepared from a different manuscript)^[7] on 7 May 1895; Heinemann published an English edition on 29 May.^[6] These two editions are different textually and are commonly referred to as the «Holt text» and «Heinemann text», respectively. Nearly all modern reprints reproduce the Heinemann text.^[8]

The story reflects Wells’s own socialist political views, his view on life and abundance, and the contemporary angst about industrial relations. It is also influenced by Ray Lankester’s theories about social degeneration^[9] and shares many elements with Edward Bulwer-Lytton’s novel Vril, the Power of the Coming Race (1871).^[10] It is also thought that Wells’ Eloi race shares many features with the works of other English socialists, most notably William Morris and his work News from Nowhere (1890), in which money is depicted as irrelevant and work is merely undertaken as a form of pleasure.^[4] Other science fiction works of the period, including Edward Bellamy’s novel Looking Backward: 2000–1887 (1888) and the later film Metropolis (1927), dealt with similar themes.^{[citation needed]} In his later reassessment of the book, published as the 1931 preface to The Time Machine, Wells wrote that the text seemed to him «a very undergraduate performance to its now mature writer, as he looks over it once more», though he also claims that «the writer feels no remorse for this youthful effort». His preface also notes that the text has «lasted as long as the diamond-framed safety bicycle, which came in at about the date of its first publication», and is «assured it will outlive him», attesting to the power of the book.^[5]

Based on Wells’s personal experiences and childhood, the working class literally spent a lot of their time underground. His own family would spend most of their time in a dark basement kitchen when not being occupied in their father’s shop.^[11] Later, his own mother would work as a housekeeper in a house with tunnels below,^[12] where the staff and servants lived in underground quarters.^[13] A medical journal published in 1905 would focus on these living quarters for servants in poorly ventilated dark basements.^[14] In his early teens, Wells became a draper’s apprentice, having to work in a basement for hours on end.

This work is an early example of the Dying Earth subgenre. The portion of the novella that sees the Time Traveller in a distant future where the sun is huge and red also places The Time Machine within the realm of eschatology; that is, the study of the end times, the end of the world, and the ultimate destiny of humankind.^{[citation needed]}

Holt, Rinehart & Winston re-published the book in 2000, paired with The War of the Worlds, and commissioned Michael Koelsch to illustrate a new cover art.^[15]

Plot[edit]

The book’s protagonist is a Victorian English scientist and gentleman inventor living in Richmond, Surrey, identified by a narrator simply as the Time Traveller. Similarly, with but one exception (a man named Filby), none of the dinner guests present are ever identified by name, but rather by profession (for example, «the Psychologist») or physical description (for example, «the Very Young Man»).

The narrator recounts the Traveller’s lecture to his weekly dinner guests that time is simply a fourth dimension and demonstrates a tabletop model machine for travelling through the fourth dimension. He reveals that he has built a machine capable of carrying a person through time, and he returns at dinner the following week to recount a remarkable tale, becoming the new narrator.

In the new narrative, the Time Traveller tests his device. At first he thinks nothing has happened but soon finds out he went five hours into the future. He continues forward and sees his house disappear and turn into a lush garden. The Time Traveller stops in A.D. 802,701, where he meets the Eloi, a society of small, elegant, childlike adults. They live in small communities within large and futuristic yet slowly deteriorating buildings, and adhere to a fruit-based diet. His efforts to communicate with them are hampered by their lack of curiosity or discipline. They appear happy and carefree but fear the dark, and particularly moonless nights. Observing them, he finds that they give no response to mysterious nocturnal disappearances, possibly because the thought of it alone frightens them into silence. After exploring the area around the Eloi’s residences, the Time Traveller reaches the top of a hill overlooking London. He concludes that the entire planet has become a garden, with little trace of human society or engineering from the hundreds of thousands of years prior, and that communism^[16] has at last been achieved.

Returning to the site where he arrived, the Time Traveller is shocked to find his time machine missing and eventually concludes that it has been dragged by some unknown party into a nearby structure with heavy doors, locked from the inside, which resembles a Sphinx. Luckily, he had removed the machine’s levers before leaving it (the time machine being unable to travel through time without them). Later in the dark, he is approached menacingly by the Morlocks, ape-like troglodytes who live in darkness underground and surface only at night. Exploring one of many «wells» that lead to the Morlocks’ dwellings, he discovers the machinery and industry that makes the above-ground paradise of the Eloi possible. He alters his theory, speculating that the human race has evolved into two species: the favoured aristocracy has become the intellectually degraded Eloi, and their mechanical servants have become the brutal light-fearing Morlocks.

Deducing that the Morlocks have taken his time machine, he explores the Morlock tunnels, learning that due to a lack of any other means of sustenance, they feed on the Eloi. The Time Traveller theorizes that intelligence is the result of and response to danger; with no real challenges facing the Eloi, they have lost the spirit, intelligence, and physical fitness of humanity at its peak.

Meanwhile, he saves an Eloi named Weena from drowning as none of the other Eloi take any notice of her plight, and they develop an innocently affectionate relationship over the course of several days. He takes Weena with him on an expedition to a distant structure dubbed «The Palace of Green Porcelain», which turns out to be a derelict museum. Here, the Time Traveller finds a fresh supply of matches and fashions a crude weapon against Morlocks, whom he must fight to get his machine back. He plans to take Weena back to his own time. Because the long and tiring journey back to Weena’s home is too much for them, they stop in the forest for the night. They are then overcome by Morlocks in the night, whereby Weena faints. The Traveller escapes when a small fire he had left behind them to distract the Morlocks turns into a forest fire; Weena and the pursuing Morlocks are lost in the fire and the Time Traveller is devastated over his loss.

The Morlocks open the Sphinx and use the time machine as bait to capture the Traveller, not understanding that he will use it to escape. He reattaches the levers before he travels further ahead to roughly 30 million years from his own time. There he sees some of the last living things on a dying Earth: Menacing reddish crab-like creatures slowly wandering the blood-red beaches chasing enormous butterflies, in a world covered in simple lichenous vegetation. He continues to make jumps forward through time, seeing Earth’s rotation gradually cease and the sun grow larger, redder, and dimmer, and the world falling silent and freezing as the last degenerate living things die out.

Overwhelmed, he goes back to the machine and returns to his own time, arriving at the laboratory just three hours after he originally left. He arrives late to his own dinner party, whereupon, after eating, the Time Traveller relates his adventures to his disbelieving visitors, producing as evidence two strange white flowers Weena had put in his pocket.

The original narrator then takes over and relates that he returned to the Time Traveller’s house the next day, finding him preparing for another journey and promising to return in a short time. However, the narrator reveals that he has waited three years before writing and stating the Time Traveller has not returned from his journey.

Deleted text[edit]

A section from the thirteenth chapter of the serial published in New Review (May 1895, partway down p. 577 to p. 580, line 29)^[17] does not appear in either of the 1895 editions of the book.^[18][19][20] It was drafted at the suggestion of Wells’s editor, William Ernest Henley, who wanted Wells to «oblige your editor» by lengthening the text with, among other things, an illustration of «the ultimate degeneracy» of humanity. «There was a slight struggle,» Wells later recalled, «between the writer and W. E. Henley who wanted, he said, to put a little ‘writing’ into the tale. But the writer was in reaction from that sort of thing, the Henley interpolations were cut out again, and he had his own way with his text.»^[21] This portion of the story was published elsewhere as «The Final Men» (1940)^[22] and «The Grey Man».^[23] The deleted text was also published by Forrest J Ackerman in an issue of the American edition of Perry Rhodan.^{[citation needed]}

The deleted text recounts an incident immediately after the Traveller’s escape from the Morlocks. He finds himself in the distant future in a frost-covered moorland with simple grasses and black bushes, populated with furry, hopping herbivores resembling kangaroos. He stuns or kills one with a rock, and upon closer examination realises they are probably the descendants of humans / Eloi / Morlocks. A gigantic, centipede-like arthropod approaches and the Traveller flees into the next day, finding that the creature has apparently eaten the tiny humanoid. The Dover Press^[24] and Easton Press editions of the novella restore this deleted segment.^{[citation needed]}

Scholarship[edit]

Significant scholarly commentary on The Time Machine began from the early 1960s, initially contained in various broad studies of Wells’s early novels (such as Bernard Bergonzi’s The Early H.G. Wells: A Study of the Scientific Romances) and studies of utopias/dystopias in science fiction (such as Mark R. Hillegas’s The Future as Nightmare: H.G. Wells and the Anti-Utopians). Much critical and textual work was done in the 1970s, including the tracing of the very complex publication history of the text, its drafts, and unpublished fragments.

Academic publications[edit]

A further resurgence in scholarship came around the time of the novella’s centenary in 1995, and a major outcome of this was the 1995 conference and substantial anthology of academic papers, which was collected in print as H.G. Wells’s Perennial Time Machine.^[25] This publication then allowed the development of a guide-book for academic study at Master’s and Ph.D. level: H.G. Wells’s The Time Machine: A Reference Guide.^[26]

The scholarly journal The Wellsian has published around twenty articles on The Time Machine, and a U.S. academic journal The Undying Fire, devoted to H.G. Wells studies, has published three articles since its inception in 2002.^{[citation needed][27]}

Subtext of the names Eloi and Morlock[edit]

The name Eloi is the Hebrew plural for Elohim, or lesser gods, in the Old Testament.^{[28][dubious – discuss]}

Wells’s source for the name Morlock is less clear. It may refer to the Canaanite god Moloch associated with child sacrifice. The name Morlock may also be a play on mollocks – what miners might call themselves – or a Scots word for rubbish,^[28] or a reference to the Morlacchi community in Dalmatia.^[29]

Symbols[edit]

The Time Machine can be read as a symbolic novel. The time machine itself can be viewed as a symbol, and there are several symbols in the narrative, including the Sphinx, flowers, and fire.

• The statue of the Sphinx is the place where the Morlocks hide the time machine and references the Sphinx in the story of Oedipus who gives a riddle that he must first solve before he can pass.^[30] The Sphinx appeared on the cover of the first London edition as requested by Wells and would have been familiar to his readers.^[28]
• The white flowers can symbolize Weena’s devotion and innocence and contrast with the machinery of the time machine.^[30] They are the only proof that the Time Traveller’s story is true.
• Fire symbolizes civilization: the Time Traveller uses it to ward off the Morlocks, but it escapes his control and turns into a forest fire.^[30]

Adaptations[edit]

Radio and audio[edit]

Escape radio broadcasts[edit]

The CBS radio anthology Escape adapted The Time Machine twice, in 1948 starring Jeff Corey, and again in 1950 starring Lawrence Dobkin as the traveller. A script adapted by Irving Ravetch was used in both episodes. The Time Traveller was named Dudley and was accompanied by his skeptical friend Fowler as they travelled to the year 100,080.

1994 Alien Voices audio drama[edit]

In 1994, an audio drama was released on cassette and CD by Alien Voices, starring Leonard Nimoy as the Time Traveller (named John in this adaptation) and John de Lancie as David Filby. John de Lancie’s children, Owen de Lancie and Keegan de Lancie, played the parts of the Eloi. The drama is approximately two hours long and is more faithful to the story than several of the film adaptations. Some changes are made to reflect modern language and knowledge of science.

7th Voyage[edit]

In 2000, Alan Young read The Time Machine for 7th Voyage Productions, Inc., in 2016 to celebrate the 120th Anniversary of H.G. Wells’s novella.^[31]

2009 BBC Radio 3 broadcast[edit]

Robert Glenister starred as the Time Traveller, with William Gaunt as H. G. Wells in a new 100-minute radio dramatisation by Philip Osment, directed by Jeremy Mortimer as part of a BBC Radio Science Fiction season. This was the first adaptation of the novella for British radio. It was first broadcast on 22 February 2009 on BBC Radio 3^[32] and later published as a 2-CD BBC audio book.

The other cast members were:

• Donnla Hughes as Martha
• Gunnar Cauthery as Young H. G. Wells
• Stephen Critchlow as Filby, friend of the young Wells
• Chris Pavlo as Bennett, friend of the young Wells
• Manjeet Mann as Mrs. Watchett, the Traveller’s housemaid
• Jill Crado as Weena, one of the Eloi and the Traveller’s partner
• Robert Lonsdale, Inam Mirza, and Dan Starkey as other characters

The adaptation retained the nameless status of the Time Traveller and set it as a true story told to the young Wells by the time traveller, which Wells then re-tells as an older man to the US journalist, Martha, whilst firewatching on the roof of Broadcasting House during the Blitz. It also retained the deleted ending from the novella as a recorded message sent back to Wells from the future by the traveller using a prototype of his machine, with the traveller escaping the anthropoid creatures to 30 million AD at the end of the universe before disappearing or dying there.

Big Finish[edit]

On 5 September 2017, Big Finish Productions released an adaptation of The Time Machine. This adaptation was written by Marc Platt and starred Ben Miles as the Time Traveller.

Platt explained in an interview that adapting The Time Machine to audio was not much different from writing Doctor Who, and that he could see where some of the roots of early Doctor Who came from.^[33]

Film adaptations[edit]

1949 BBC teleplay[edit]

The first visual adaptation of the book was a live teleplay broadcast from Alexandra Palace on 25 January 1949 by the BBC, which starred Russell Napier as the Time Traveller and Mary Donn as Weena. No recording of this live broadcast was made; the only record of the production is the script and a few black and white still photographs. A reading of the script, however, suggests that this teleplay remained fairly faithful to the book.^[34]

1960 film[edit]

In 1960, the novella was made into a US science fiction film, also known promotionally as H.G. Wells’s The Time Machine. The film starred Rod Taylor, Alan Young, and Yvette Mimieux. The film was produced and directed by George Pal, who also filmed a 1953 version of Wells’s The War of the Worlds. The film won an Academy Award for time-lapse photographic effects showing the world changing rapidly.

In 1993, Rod Taylor hosted Time Machine: The Journey Back reuniting him with Alan Young and Whit Bissell, featuring the only sequel to Mr. Pal’s classic film, written by the original screenwriter, David Duncan. In the special were Academy Award-winners special effect artists Wah Chang and Gene Warren.

1978 television film[edit]

Sunn Classic Pictures produced a television film version of The Time Machine as a part of their «Classics Illustrated» series in 1978. It was a modernization of the Wells’s story, making the Time Traveller a 1970s scientist working for a fictional US defence contractor, «the Mega Corporation». Dr. Neil Perry (John Beck), the Time Traveller, is described as one of Mega’s most reliable contributors by his senior co-worker Branly (Whit Bissell, an alumnus of the 1960 adaptation). Perry’s skill is demonstrated by his rapid reprogramming of an off-course missile, averting a disaster that could destroy Los Angeles. His reputation secures a grant of $20 million for his time machine project. Although nearing completion, the corporation wants Perry to put the project on hold so that he can head a military weapon development project. Perry accelerates work on the time machine, permitting him to test it before being forced to work on the new project.

2002 film[edit]

The 1960 film was remade in 2002, starring Guy Pearce as the Time Traveller, a mechanical engineering professor named Alexander Hartdegen, Mark Addy as his colleague David Filby, Sienna Guillory as Alex’s ill-fated fiancée Emma, Phyllida Law as Mrs. Watchit, and Jeremy Irons as the Uber-Morlock. Playing a quick cameo as a shopkeeper was Alan Young, who featured in the 1960 film. (H.G. Wells himself can also be said to have a «cameo» appearance, in the form of a photograph on the wall of Alex’s home, near the front door.)

The film was directed by Wells’s great-grandson Simon Wells, with an even more revised plot that incorporated the ideas of paradoxes and changing the past. The place is changed from Richmond, Surrey, to downtown New York City, where the Time Traveller moves forward in time to find answers to his questions on ‘Practical Application of Time Travel;’ first in 2030 New York, to witness an orbital lunar catastrophe in 2037, before moving on to 802,701 for the main plot. He later briefly finds himself in 635,427,810 with toxic clouds and a world laid waste (presumably by the Morlocks) with devastation and Morlock artifacts stretching out to the horizon.

It was met with mixed reviews and earned $56 million before VHS/DVD sales. The Time Machine used a design that was very reminiscent of the one in the Pal film but was much larger and employed polished turned brass construction, along with rotating glass reminiscent of the Fresnel lenses common to lighthouses. (In Wells’s original book, the Time Traveller mentioned his ‘scientific papers on optics’). Hartdegen becomes involved with a female Eloi named Mara, played by Samantha Mumba, who essentially takes the place of Weena, from the earlier versions of the story. In this film, the Eloi have, as a tradition, preserved a «stone language» that is identical to English. The Morlocks are much more barbaric and agile, and the Time Traveller has a direct impact on the plot.

Derivative work[edit]

Time After Time (1979 film)[edit]

In Time After Time, H.G. Wells invents a time machine and shows it to some friends in a manner similar to the first part of the novella. He does not know that one of his friends is Jack The Ripper. The Ripper, fleeing police, escapes to the future (1979), but without a key which prevents the machine from remaining in the future. When it does return home, Wells follows him in order to protect the future (which he imagines to be a utopia) from the Ripper. In turn, the film inspired a 2017 TV series of the same name.

Comics[edit]

Classics Illustrated was the first to adapt The Time Machine into a comic book format, issuing an American edition in July 1956.

The Classics Illustrated version was published in French by Classiques Illustres in Dec 1957, and Classics Illustrated Strato Publications (Australian) in 1957, and Kuvitettuja Klassikkoja (a Finnish edition) in November 1957. There were also Classics Illustrated Greek editions in 1976, Swedish in 1987, German in 1992 and 2001, and a Canadian reprint of the English edition in 2008.

In 1976, Marvel Comics published a new version of The Time Machine, as #2 in their Marvel Classics Comics series, with art by Alex Niño. (This adaptation was originally published in 1973 by Pendulum Press as part of their Pendulum Now Age Classics series; it was colorized and reprinted by Marvel in 1976.)

In 1977, Polish painter Waldemar Andrzejewski adapted the novel as a 22-page comic book, written in Polish by Antoni Wolski.

From April 1990, Eternity Comics published a three-issue miniseries adaptation of The Time Machine, written by Bill Spangler and illustrated by John Ross — this was collected as a trade paperback graphic novel in 1991.

In 2018, US imprint Insight Comics published an adaptation of the novel, as part of their «H. G. Wells» series of comic books.

[edit]

Wells’s novella has become one of the cornerstones of science-fiction literature. As a result, it has spawned many offspring. Works expanding on^{[citation needed]} Wells’s story include:

• La Belle Valence by Théo Varlet and André Blandin (1923) in which a squadron of World War I soldiers find the Time Machine and are transported back to the Spanish town of Valencia in the 14th century. Translated by Brian Stableford as Timeslip Troopers (2012).
• Die Rückkehr der Zeitmaschine (1946) by Egon Friedell was the first direct sequel. It dwells heavily on the technical details of the machine and the time-paradoxes it might cause when the time machine was used to visit the past. After visiting a futuristic 1995 where London is in the sky and the weather is created by companies, as well as the year 2123 where he meets two Egyptians who study history using intuition instead of actual science, the time traveler, who is given the name James MacMorton, travels to the past and ends up weeks before the time machine was built, causing it to disappear. He is forced to use the miniature version of his time machine, which already existed at that time, to send telegraphic messages through time to a friend (the author), instructing him to send him things that will allow him to build a new machine. After returning to the present, he tells his friend what happened. The 24,000-word German original was translated into English by Eddy C. Bertin in the 1940s and eventually published in paperback as The Return of the Time Machine (1972, DAW).
• The Hertford Manuscript by Richard Cowper, first published in 1976. It features a «manuscript», which reports the Time Traveller’s activities after the end of the original story. According to this manuscript, the Time Traveller disappeared, because his Time Machine had been damaged by the Morlocks without him knowing it. He only found out when it stopped operating during his next attempted time travel. He found himself on 27 August 1665, in London during the outbreak of the Great Plague of London. The rest of the novel is devoted to his efforts to repair the Time Machine and leave this time period before getting infected with the disease. He also has an encounter with Robert Hooke. He eventually dies of the disease on 20 September 1665. The story gives a list of subsequent owners of the manuscript until 1976. It also gives the name of the Time Traveller as Robert James Pensley, born to James and Martha Pensley in 1850 and disappearing without trace on 18 June 1894.
• The Space Machine by Christopher Priest, first published in 1976. Because of the movement of planets, stars, and galaxies, for a time machine to stay in one spot on Earth as it travels through time, it must also follow the Earth’s trajectory through space. In Priest’s book, a travelling salesman damages a Time Machine similar to the original, and arrives on Mars, just before the start of the invasion described in The War of the Worlds. H.G. Wells appears as a minor character.
• Morlock Night by K. W. Jeter, first published in 1979. A steampunk fantasy novel in which the Morlocks, having studied the Traveller’s machine, duplicate it and invade Victorian London. This culminates in Westminster Abbey being used as a butcher shop of human beings by the Morlocks in the 20th century, and a total disruption and collapse of the time stream. There the hero and Merlin must find – and destroy – the Time Machine, to restore the time stream and history.
• Time Machine II by George Pal and Joe Morhaim, published in 1981. The Time Traveller, named George, and the pregnant Weena try to return to his time, but instead land in the London Blitz, dying during a bombing raid. Their newborn son is rescued by an American ambulance driver and grows up in the United States under the name Christopher Jones. Sought out by the lookalike son of James Filby, Jones goes to England to collect his inheritance, leading ultimately to George’s journals, and the Time Machine’s original plans. He builds his own machine with 1970s upgrades and seeks his parents in the future. Pal also worked on a detailed synopsis for a third sequel, which was partly filmed for a 1980s U.S. TV special on the making of Pal’s film version of The Time Machine, using the original actors. This third sequel, the plot of which does not seem to fit with Pal’s second, opens with the Time Traveller enjoying a happy life with Weena, in a future world in which the Morlocks have died out. He and his son return to save Filby in World War I. This act changes the future, causing the nuclear war not to happen. He and his son are thus cut off from Weena in the far future. The Time Traveller thus has to solve a dilemma – allow his friend to die, and cause the later death of millions, or give up Weena forever.
• The Man Who Loved Morlocks (1981) and The Truth about Weena (1998) are two different sequels, the former a novel and the latter a short story, by David J. Lake. Each of them concerns the Time Traveller’s return to the future. In the former, he discovers that he cannot enter any period in time he has already visited, forcing him to travel into the further future, where he finds love with a woman whose race evolved from Morlock stock. In the latter, he is accompanied by Wells and succeeds in rescuing Weena and bringing her back to the 1890s, where her political ideas cause a peaceful revolution.
• The Time Ships, by Stephen Baxter, first published in 1995. This sequel was officially authorised by the Wells estate to mark the centenary of the original’s publication. In its wide-ranging narrative, the Traveller’s desire to return and rescue Weena is thwarted by the fact that he has changed history (by telling his tale to his friends, one of whom published the account). With a Morlock (in the new history, the Morlocks are intelligent and cultured), he travels through the multiverse as increasingly complicated timelines unravel around him, eventually meeting mankind’s far future descendants, whose ambition is to travel back to the birth of the universe, and modify the way the multiverse will unfold. This sequel includes many nods to the prehistory of Wells’s story in the names of characters and chapters.
• In «The Richmond Enigma» by John DeChancie, Sherlock Holmes investigates the disappearance of the Time Traveler, a contemporary and, in this story, a distant relative. The intervention of Holmes and Watson succeeds in calling back the missing Time Traveler, who has resolved to prevent the time machine’s existence, out of concern for the danger it could make possible. The story appeared in Sherlock Holmes in Orbit (1995)^[35]
• The Steam Man of the Prairie and the Dark Rider Get Down: A Dime Novel by Joe R. Lansdale, first published in The Long Ones (1999). In this story, the Time Traveller accidentally damages the space-time continuum and is transformed into the vampire-like Dark Rider.
• The 2003 short story «On the Surface» by Robert J. Sawyer begins with this quote from the Wells original: «I have suspected since that the Morlocks had even partially taken it [the time machine] to pieces while trying in their dim way to grasp its purpose.» In the Sawyer story, the Morlocks develop a fleet of time machines and use them to conquer the same far future Wells depicted at the end of the original, by which time, because the sun has grown red and dim and thus no longer blinds them, they can reclaim the surface of the world.
• The Time Traveller and his machine appear in the story Allan and the Sundered Veil by Alan Moore and Kevin O’Neill, which acts as a prequel to The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen, Volume One. The Time Traveller shares an adventure with fellow literary icons Allan Quatermain, John Carter, and Randolph Carter.
• David Haden’s novelette The Time Machine: A Sequel (2010) is a direct sequel, picking up where the original finished. The Time Traveller goes back to rescue Weena but finds the Eloi less simple than he first imagined, and time travel far more complicated.
• Simon Baxter’s novel The British Empire: Psychic Battalions Against the Morlocks (2010) imagines a steampunk/cyberpunk future in which the British Empire has remained the dominant world force until the Morlocks arrive from the future.
• Hal Colebatch’s Time-Machine Troopers (2011) (Acashic Publishers) is twice the length of the original. In it, the Time Traveller returns to the future world about 18 years after the time he escaped from the Morlocks, taking with him Robert Baden-Powell, the real-world founder of the Boy Scout movement. They set out to teach the Eloi self-reliance and self-defence against the Morlocks, but the Morlocks capture them. H.G. Wells and Winston Churchill are also featured as characters.
• Paul Schullery’s The Time Traveller’s Tale: Chronicle of a Morlock Captivity (2012) continues the story in the voice and manner of the original Wells book. After many years’ absence, the Time Traveller returns and describes his further adventures. His attempts to mobilize the Eloi in their own defense against the Morlocks failed when he was captured by the Morlocks. Much of the book is occupied with his deeply unsettling discoveries about the Morlock / Eloi symbiosis, his gradual assimilation into Morlock society, and his ultimately successful attempt to discover the true cause of humanity’s catastrophic transformation into two such tragic races.
• The Great Illustrated Classics in 1992 published an adaptation of Wells’s novella that adds an extra destination to the Time Traveller’s adventure: Stopping in 2200 AD on his way back home, he becomes caught up in a civil war between factions of a technocratic society that was established to avert ecological catastrophe.
• Beyond the Time Machine by Burt Libe (2002). The first of two Time Machine sequels written by US writer Burt Libe, it continues the story of the Time Traveller: where he finally settles down, including his rescue of Weena and his subsequent family with her. Highlighted are exploits of his daughters Narra and her younger sister Belinda; coping with their 33rd-Century existence; considering their unusual past and far-Future heritage. Doing some time travelling of their own, the daughters revisit 802,701 AD, discovering that the so-called dual-specie Eloi and Morlock inhabitants actually are far more complex and complicated than their father’s initial appraisal.
• Tangles in Time by Burt Libe (2005). The second of two Time Machine sequels written by American writer Burt Libe, it continues the story of younger daughter Belinda, now grown at age 22. Her father (the original Time Traveller) has just died from old age, and she and Weena (her mother) now must decide what to do with the rest of their lives. Weena makes a very unusual decision, leaving Belinda to search for her own place in time. Also, with further time travel, she locates her two long-lost brothers, previously thought to be dead; she also meets and rescues a young man from the far future, finding herself involved in a very confusing relationship.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

External links[edit]

Title page
Author	H. G. Wells
Cover artist	Ben Hardy
Country	United Kingdom
Language	English
Genre	Science fiction
Publisher	William Heinemann (UK) Henry Holt (US)
Publication date	1895
Pages	84
Text	The Time Machine at Wikisource

The Time Machine is a science fiction novella by H. G. Wells, published in 1895. The work is generally credited with the popularization of the concept of time travel by using a vehicle or device to travel purposely and selectively forward or backward through time. The term «time machine», coined by Wells, is now almost universally used to refer to such a vehicle or device.^[1]

Utilizing a frame story set in then-present Victorian England, Wells’ text focuses on a recount of the otherwise anonymous Time Traveller’s journey into the far future. A work of future history and speculative evolution, Time Machine is interpreted in modern times as a commentary on the increasing inequality and class divisions of Wells’ era, which he projects as giving rise to two separate human species: the fair, childlike Eloi, and the savage, simian Morlocks, distant descendants of the contemporary upper and lower classes respectively.^[2][3] It is believed that Wells’ depiction of the Eloi as a race living in plenitude and abandon was inspired by the utopic romance novel News from Nowhere (1890), though Wells’ universe in the novel is notably more savage and brutal.^[4]

In his 1931 preface to the book, Wells wrote that The Time Machine seemed «a very undergraduate performance to its now mature writer, as he looks over it once more», though he states that «the writer feels no remorse for this youthful effort». However, critics have praised the novella’s handling of its thematic concerns, with Marina Warner writing that the book was the most significant contribution to understanding fragments of desire^[clarify] before Sigmund Freud’s The Interpretation of Dreams, with the novel «[conveying] how close he felt to the melancholy seeker after a door that he once opened on to a luminous vision and could never find again».^[5]

The Time Machine has been adapted into two feature films of the same name, as well as two television versions and many comic book adaptations. It has also indirectly inspired many more works of fiction in many media productions.

History[edit]

Wells had considered the notion of time travel before, in a short story titled «The Chronic Argonauts» (1888). This work, published in his college newspaper, was the foundation for The Time Machine.

Wells frequently stated that he had thought of using some of this material in a series of articles in the Pall Mall Gazette until the publisher asked him if he could instead write a serial novel on the same theme. Wells readily agreed and was paid £100 (equal to about £12,000 today) on its publication by Heinemann in 1895, which first published the story in serial form in the January to May editions of The New Review (newly under the nominal editorship of W. E. Henley).^[6] Henry Holt and Company published the first book edition (possibly prepared from a different manuscript)^[7] on 7 May 1895; Heinemann published an English edition on 29 May.^[6] These two editions are different textually and are commonly referred to as the «Holt text» and «Heinemann text», respectively. Nearly all modern reprints reproduce the Heinemann text.^[8]

The story reflects Wells’s own socialist political views, his view on life and abundance, and the contemporary angst about industrial relations. It is also influenced by Ray Lankester’s theories about social degeneration^[9] and shares many elements with Edward Bulwer-Lytton’s novel Vril, the Power of the Coming Race (1871).^[10] It is also thought that Wells’ Eloi race shares many features with the works of other English socialists, most notably William Morris and his work News from Nowhere (1890), in which money is depicted as irrelevant and work is merely undertaken as a form of pleasure.^[4] Other science fiction works of the period, including Edward Bellamy’s novel Looking Backward: 2000–1887 (1888) and the later film Metropolis (1927), dealt with similar themes.^{[citation needed]} In his later reassessment of the book, published as the 1931 preface to The Time Machine, Wells wrote that the text seemed to him «a very undergraduate performance to its now mature writer, as he looks over it once more», though he also claims that «the writer feels no remorse for this youthful effort». His preface also notes that the text has «lasted as long as the diamond-framed safety bicycle, which came in at about the date of its first publication», and is «assured it will outlive him», attesting to the power of the book.^[5]

Based on Wells’s personal experiences and childhood, the working class literally spent a lot of their time underground. His own family would spend most of their time in a dark basement kitchen when not being occupied in their father’s shop.^[11] Later, his own mother would work as a housekeeper in a house with tunnels below,^[12] where the staff and servants lived in underground quarters.^[13] A medical journal published in 1905 would focus on these living quarters for servants in poorly ventilated dark basements.^[14] In his early teens, Wells became a draper’s apprentice, having to work in a basement for hours on end.

This work is an early example of the Dying Earth subgenre. The portion of the novella that sees the Time Traveller in a distant future where the sun is huge and red also places The Time Machine within the realm of eschatology; that is, the study of the end times, the end of the world, and the ultimate destiny of humankind.^{[citation needed]}

Holt, Rinehart & Winston re-published the book in 2000, paired with The War of the Worlds, and commissioned Michael Koelsch to illustrate a new cover art.^[15]

Plot[edit]

The book’s protagonist is a Victorian English scientist and gentleman inventor living in Richmond, Surrey, identified by a narrator simply as the Time Traveller. Similarly, with but one exception (a man named Filby), none of the dinner guests present are ever identified by name, but rather by profession (for example, «the Psychologist») or physical description (for example, «the Very Young Man»).

The narrator recounts the Traveller’s lecture to his weekly dinner guests that time is simply a fourth dimension and demonstrates a tabletop model machine for travelling through the fourth dimension. He reveals that he has built a machine capable of carrying a person through time, and he returns at dinner the following week to recount a remarkable tale, becoming the new narrator.

In the new narrative, the Time Traveller tests his device. At first he thinks nothing has happened but soon finds out he went five hours into the future. He continues forward and sees his house disappear and turn into a lush garden. The Time Traveller stops in A.D. 802,701, where he meets the Eloi, a society of small, elegant, childlike adults. They live in small communities within large and futuristic yet slowly deteriorating buildings, and adhere to a fruit-based diet. His efforts to communicate with them are hampered by their lack of curiosity or discipline. They appear happy and carefree but fear the dark, and particularly moonless nights. Observing them, he finds that they give no response to mysterious nocturnal disappearances, possibly because the thought of it alone frightens them into silence. After exploring the area around the Eloi’s residences, the Time Traveller reaches the top of a hill overlooking London. He concludes that the entire planet has become a garden, with little trace of human society or engineering from the hundreds of thousands of years prior, and that communism^[16] has at last been achieved.

Returning to the site where he arrived, the Time Traveller is shocked to find his time machine missing and eventually concludes that it has been dragged by some unknown party into a nearby structure with heavy doors, locked from the inside, which resembles a Sphinx. Luckily, he had removed the machine’s levers before leaving it (the time machine being unable to travel through time without them). Later in the dark, he is approached menacingly by the Morlocks, ape-like troglodytes who live in darkness underground and surface only at night. Exploring one of many «wells» that lead to the Morlocks’ dwellings, he discovers the machinery and industry that makes the above-ground paradise of the Eloi possible. He alters his theory, speculating that the human race has evolved into two species: the favoured aristocracy has become the intellectually degraded Eloi, and their mechanical servants have become the brutal light-fearing Morlocks.

Deducing that the Morlocks have taken his time machine, he explores the Morlock tunnels, learning that due to a lack of any other means of sustenance, they feed on the Eloi. The Time Traveller theorizes that intelligence is the result of and response to danger; with no real challenges facing the Eloi, they have lost the spirit, intelligence, and physical fitness of humanity at its peak.

Meanwhile, he saves an Eloi named Weena from drowning as none of the other Eloi take any notice of her plight, and they develop an innocently affectionate relationship over the course of several days. He takes Weena with him on an expedition to a distant structure dubbed «The Palace of Green Porcelain», which turns out to be a derelict museum. Here, the Time Traveller finds a fresh supply of matches and fashions a crude weapon against Morlocks, whom he must fight to get his machine back. He plans to take Weena back to his own time. Because the long and tiring journey back to Weena’s home is too much for them, they stop in the forest for the night. They are then overcome by Morlocks in the night, whereby Weena faints. The Traveller escapes when a small fire he had left behind them to distract the Morlocks turns into a forest fire; Weena and the pursuing Morlocks are lost in the fire and the Time Traveller is devastated over his loss.

The Morlocks open the Sphinx and use the time machine as bait to capture the Traveller, not understanding that he will use it to escape. He reattaches the levers before he travels further ahead to roughly 30 million years from his own time. There he sees some of the last living things on a dying Earth: Menacing reddish crab-like creatures slowly wandering the blood-red beaches chasing enormous butterflies, in a world covered in simple lichenous vegetation. He continues to make jumps forward through time, seeing Earth’s rotation gradually cease and the sun grow larger, redder, and dimmer, and the world falling silent and freezing as the last degenerate living things die out.

Overwhelmed, he goes back to the machine and returns to his own time, arriving at the laboratory just three hours after he originally left. He arrives late to his own dinner party, whereupon, after eating, the Time Traveller relates his adventures to his disbelieving visitors, producing as evidence two strange white flowers Weena had put in his pocket.

The original narrator then takes over and relates that he returned to the Time Traveller’s house the next day, finding him preparing for another journey and promising to return in a short time. However, the narrator reveals that he has waited three years before writing and stating the Time Traveller has not returned from his journey.

Deleted text[edit]

A section from the thirteenth chapter of the serial published in New Review (May 1895, partway down p. 577 to p. 580, line 29)^[17] does not appear in either of the 1895 editions of the book.^[18][19][20] It was drafted at the suggestion of Wells’s editor, William Ernest Henley, who wanted Wells to «oblige your editor» by lengthening the text with, among other things, an illustration of «the ultimate degeneracy» of humanity. «There was a slight struggle,» Wells later recalled, «between the writer and W. E. Henley who wanted, he said, to put a little ‘writing’ into the tale. But the writer was in reaction from that sort of thing, the Henley interpolations were cut out again, and he had his own way with his text.»^[21] This portion of the story was published elsewhere as «The Final Men» (1940)^[22] and «The Grey Man».^[23] The deleted text was also published by Forrest J Ackerman in an issue of the American edition of Perry Rhodan.^{[citation needed]}

The deleted text recounts an incident immediately after the Traveller’s escape from the Morlocks. He finds himself in the distant future in a frost-covered moorland with simple grasses and black bushes, populated with furry, hopping herbivores resembling kangaroos. He stuns or kills one with a rock, and upon closer examination realises they are probably the descendants of humans / Eloi / Morlocks. A gigantic, centipede-like arthropod approaches and the Traveller flees into the next day, finding that the creature has apparently eaten the tiny humanoid. The Dover Press^[24] and Easton Press editions of the novella restore this deleted segment.^{[citation needed]}

Scholarship[edit]

Significant scholarly commentary on The Time Machine began from the early 1960s, initially contained in various broad studies of Wells’s early novels (such as Bernard Bergonzi’s The Early H.G. Wells: A Study of the Scientific Romances) and studies of utopias/dystopias in science fiction (such as Mark R. Hillegas’s The Future as Nightmare: H.G. Wells and the Anti-Utopians). Much critical and textual work was done in the 1970s, including the tracing of the very complex publication history of the text, its drafts, and unpublished fragments.

Academic publications[edit]

A further resurgence in scholarship came around the time of the novella’s centenary in 1995, and a major outcome of this was the 1995 conference and substantial anthology of academic papers, which was collected in print as H.G. Wells’s Perennial Time Machine.^[25] This publication then allowed the development of a guide-book for academic study at Master’s and Ph.D. level: H.G. Wells’s The Time Machine: A Reference Guide.^[26]

The scholarly journal The Wellsian has published around twenty articles on The Time Machine, and a U.S. academic journal The Undying Fire, devoted to H.G. Wells studies, has published three articles since its inception in 2002.^{[citation needed][27]}

Subtext of the names Eloi and Morlock[edit]

The name Eloi is the Hebrew plural for Elohim, or lesser gods, in the Old Testament.^{[28][dubious – discuss]}

Wells’s source for the name Morlock is less clear. It may refer to the Canaanite god Moloch associated with child sacrifice. The name Morlock may also be a play on mollocks – what miners might call themselves – or a Scots word for rubbish,^[28] or a reference to the Morlacchi community in Dalmatia.^[29]

Symbols[edit]

The Time Machine can be read as a symbolic novel. The time machine itself can be viewed as a symbol, and there are several symbols in the narrative, including the Sphinx, flowers, and fire.

• The statue of the Sphinx is the place where the Morlocks hide the time machine and references the Sphinx in the story of Oedipus who gives a riddle that he must first solve before he can pass.^[30] The Sphinx appeared on the cover of the first London edition as requested by Wells and would have been familiar to his readers.^[28]
• The white flowers can symbolize Weena’s devotion and innocence and contrast with the machinery of the time machine.^[30] They are the only proof that the Time Traveller’s story is true.
• Fire symbolizes civilization: the Time Traveller uses it to ward off the Morlocks, but it escapes his control and turns into a forest fire.^[30]

Adaptations[edit]

Radio and audio[edit]

Escape radio broadcasts[edit]

The CBS radio anthology Escape adapted The Time Machine twice, in 1948 starring Jeff Corey, and again in 1950 starring Lawrence Dobkin as the traveller. A script adapted by Irving Ravetch was used in both episodes. The Time Traveller was named Dudley and was accompanied by his skeptical friend Fowler as they travelled to the year 100,080.

1994 Alien Voices audio drama[edit]

In 1994, an audio drama was released on cassette and CD by Alien Voices, starring Leonard Nimoy as the Time Traveller (named John in this adaptation) and John de Lancie as David Filby. John de Lancie’s children, Owen de Lancie and Keegan de Lancie, played the parts of the Eloi. The drama is approximately two hours long and is more faithful to the story than several of the film adaptations. Some changes are made to reflect modern language and knowledge of science.

7th Voyage[edit]

In 2000, Alan Young read The Time Machine for 7th Voyage Productions, Inc., in 2016 to celebrate the 120th Anniversary of H.G. Wells’s novella.^[31]

2009 BBC Radio 3 broadcast[edit]

Robert Glenister starred as the Time Traveller, with William Gaunt as H. G. Wells in a new 100-minute radio dramatisation by Philip Osment, directed by Jeremy Mortimer as part of a BBC Radio Science Fiction season. This was the first adaptation of the novella for British radio. It was first broadcast on 22 February 2009 on BBC Radio 3^[32] and later published as a 2-CD BBC audio book.

The other cast members were:

• Donnla Hughes as Martha
• Gunnar Cauthery as Young H. G. Wells
• Stephen Critchlow as Filby, friend of the young Wells
• Chris Pavlo as Bennett, friend of the young Wells
• Manjeet Mann as Mrs. Watchett, the Traveller’s housemaid
• Jill Crado as Weena, one of the Eloi and the Traveller’s partner
• Robert Lonsdale, Inam Mirza, and Dan Starkey as other characters

The adaptation retained the nameless status of the Time Traveller and set it as a true story told to the young Wells by the time traveller, which Wells then re-tells as an older man to the US journalist, Martha, whilst firewatching on the roof of Broadcasting House during the Blitz. It also retained the deleted ending from the novella as a recorded message sent back to Wells from the future by the traveller using a prototype of his machine, with the traveller escaping the anthropoid creatures to 30 million AD at the end of the universe before disappearing or dying there.

Big Finish[edit]

On 5 September 2017, Big Finish Productions released an adaptation of The Time Machine. This adaptation was written by Marc Platt and starred Ben Miles as the Time Traveller.

Platt explained in an interview that adapting The Time Machine to audio was not much different from writing Doctor Who, and that he could see where some of the roots of early Doctor Who came from.^[33]

Film adaptations[edit]

1949 BBC teleplay[edit]

The first visual adaptation of the book was a live teleplay broadcast from Alexandra Palace on 25 January 1949 by the BBC, which starred Russell Napier as the Time Traveller and Mary Donn as Weena. No recording of this live broadcast was made; the only record of the production is the script and a few black and white still photographs. A reading of the script, however, suggests that this teleplay remained fairly faithful to the book.^[34]

1960 film[edit]

In 1960, the novella was made into a US science fiction film, also known promotionally as H.G. Wells’s The Time Machine. The film starred Rod Taylor, Alan Young, and Yvette Mimieux. The film was produced and directed by George Pal, who also filmed a 1953 version of Wells’s The War of the Worlds. The film won an Academy Award for time-lapse photographic effects showing the world changing rapidly.

In 1993, Rod Taylor hosted Time Machine: The Journey Back reuniting him with Alan Young and Whit Bissell, featuring the only sequel to Mr. Pal’s classic film, written by the original screenwriter, David Duncan. In the special were Academy Award-winners special effect artists Wah Chang and Gene Warren.

1978 television film[edit]

Sunn Classic Pictures produced a television film version of The Time Machine as a part of their «Classics Illustrated» series in 1978. It was a modernization of the Wells’s story, making the Time Traveller a 1970s scientist working for a fictional US defence contractor, «the Mega Corporation». Dr. Neil Perry (John Beck), the Time Traveller, is described as one of Mega’s most reliable contributors by his senior co-worker Branly (Whit Bissell, an alumnus of the 1960 adaptation). Perry’s skill is demonstrated by his rapid reprogramming of an off-course missile, averting a disaster that could destroy Los Angeles. His reputation secures a grant of $20 million for his time machine project. Although nearing completion, the corporation wants Perry to put the project on hold so that he can head a military weapon development project. Perry accelerates work on the time machine, permitting him to test it before being forced to work on the new project.

2002 film[edit]

The 1960 film was remade in 2002, starring Guy Pearce as the Time Traveller, a mechanical engineering professor named Alexander Hartdegen, Mark Addy as his colleague David Filby, Sienna Guillory as Alex’s ill-fated fiancée Emma, Phyllida Law as Mrs. Watchit, and Jeremy Irons as the Uber-Morlock. Playing a quick cameo as a shopkeeper was Alan Young, who featured in the 1960 film. (H.G. Wells himself can also be said to have a «cameo» appearance, in the form of a photograph on the wall of Alex’s home, near the front door.)

The film was directed by Wells’s great-grandson Simon Wells, with an even more revised plot that incorporated the ideas of paradoxes and changing the past. The place is changed from Richmond, Surrey, to downtown New York City, where the Time Traveller moves forward in time to find answers to his questions on ‘Practical Application of Time Travel;’ first in 2030 New York, to witness an orbital lunar catastrophe in 2037, before moving on to 802,701 for the main plot. He later briefly finds himself in 635,427,810 with toxic clouds and a world laid waste (presumably by the Morlocks) with devastation and Morlock artifacts stretching out to the horizon.

It was met with mixed reviews and earned $56 million before VHS/DVD sales. The Time Machine used a design that was very reminiscent of the one in the Pal film but was much larger and employed polished turned brass construction, along with rotating glass reminiscent of the Fresnel lenses common to lighthouses. (In Wells’s original book, the Time Traveller mentioned his ‘scientific papers on optics’). Hartdegen becomes involved with a female Eloi named Mara, played by Samantha Mumba, who essentially takes the place of Weena, from the earlier versions of the story. In this film, the Eloi have, as a tradition, preserved a «stone language» that is identical to English. The Morlocks are much more barbaric and agile, and the Time Traveller has a direct impact on the plot.

Derivative work[edit]

Time After Time (1979 film)[edit]

In Time After Time, H.G. Wells invents a time machine and shows it to some friends in a manner similar to the first part of the novella. He does not know that one of his friends is Jack The Ripper. The Ripper, fleeing police, escapes to the future (1979), but without a key which prevents the machine from remaining in the future. When it does return home, Wells follows him in order to protect the future (which he imagines to be a utopia) from the Ripper. In turn, the film inspired a 2017 TV series of the same name.

Comics[edit]

Classics Illustrated was the first to adapt The Time Machine into a comic book format, issuing an American edition in July 1956.

The Classics Illustrated version was published in French by Classiques Illustres in Dec 1957, and Classics Illustrated Strato Publications (Australian) in 1957, and Kuvitettuja Klassikkoja (a Finnish edition) in November 1957. There were also Classics Illustrated Greek editions in 1976, Swedish in 1987, German in 1992 and 2001, and a Canadian reprint of the English edition in 2008.

In 1976, Marvel Comics published a new version of The Time Machine, as #2 in their Marvel Classics Comics series, with art by Alex Niño. (This adaptation was originally published in 1973 by Pendulum Press as part of their Pendulum Now Age Classics series; it was colorized and reprinted by Marvel in 1976.)

In 1977, Polish painter Waldemar Andrzejewski adapted the novel as a 22-page comic book, written in Polish by Antoni Wolski.

From April 1990, Eternity Comics published a three-issue miniseries adaptation of The Time Machine, written by Bill Spangler and illustrated by John Ross — this was collected as a trade paperback graphic novel in 1991.

In 2018, US imprint Insight Comics published an adaptation of the novel, as part of their «H. G. Wells» series of comic books.

[edit]

Wells’s novella has become one of the cornerstones of science-fiction literature. As a result, it has spawned many offspring. Works expanding on^{[citation needed]} Wells’s story include:

• La Belle Valence by Théo Varlet and André Blandin (1923) in which a squadron of World War I soldiers find the Time Machine and are transported back to the Spanish town of Valencia in the 14th century. Translated by Brian Stableford as Timeslip Troopers (2012).
• Die Rückkehr der Zeitmaschine (1946) by Egon Friedell was the first direct sequel. It dwells heavily on the technical details of the machine and the time-paradoxes it might cause when the time machine was used to visit the past. After visiting a futuristic 1995 where London is in the sky and the weather is created by companies, as well as the year 2123 where he meets two Egyptians who study history using intuition instead of actual science, the time traveler, who is given the name James MacMorton, travels to the past and ends up weeks before the time machine was built, causing it to disappear. He is forced to use the miniature version of his time machine, which already existed at that time, to send telegraphic messages through time to a friend (the author), instructing him to send him things that will allow him to build a new machine. After returning to the present, he tells his friend what happened. The 24,000-word German original was translated into English by Eddy C. Bertin in the 1940s and eventually published in paperback as The Return of the Time Machine (1972, DAW).
• The Hertford Manuscript by Richard Cowper, first published in 1976. It features a «manuscript», which reports the Time Traveller’s activities after the end of the original story. According to this manuscript, the Time Traveller disappeared, because his Time Machine had been damaged by the Morlocks without him knowing it. He only found out when it stopped operating during his next attempted time travel. He found himself on 27 August 1665, in London during the outbreak of the Great Plague of London. The rest of the novel is devoted to his efforts to repair the Time Machine and leave this time period before getting infected with the disease. He also has an encounter with Robert Hooke. He eventually dies of the disease on 20 September 1665. The story gives a list of subsequent owners of the manuscript until 1976. It also gives the name of the Time Traveller as Robert James Pensley, born to James and Martha Pensley in 1850 and disappearing without trace on 18 June 1894.
• The Space Machine by Christopher Priest, first published in 1976. Because of the movement of planets, stars, and galaxies, for a time machine to stay in one spot on Earth as it travels through time, it must also follow the Earth’s trajectory through space. In Priest’s book, a travelling salesman damages a Time Machine similar to the original, and arrives on Mars, just before the start of the invasion described in The War of the Worlds. H.G. Wells appears as a minor character.
• Morlock Night by K. W. Jeter, first published in 1979. A steampunk fantasy novel in which the Morlocks, having studied the Traveller’s machine, duplicate it and invade Victorian London. This culminates in Westminster Abbey being used as a butcher shop of human beings by the Morlocks in the 20th century, and a total disruption and collapse of the time stream. There the hero and Merlin must find – and destroy – the Time Machine, to restore the time stream and history.
• Time Machine II by George Pal and Joe Morhaim, published in 1981. The Time Traveller, named George, and the pregnant Weena try to return to his time, but instead land in the London Blitz, dying during a bombing raid. Their newborn son is rescued by an American ambulance driver and grows up in the United States under the name Christopher Jones. Sought out by the lookalike son of James Filby, Jones goes to England to collect his inheritance, leading ultimately to George’s journals, and the Time Machine’s original plans. He builds his own machine with 1970s upgrades and seeks his parents in the future. Pal also worked on a detailed synopsis for a third sequel, which was partly filmed for a 1980s U.S. TV special on the making of Pal’s film version of The Time Machine, using the original actors. This third sequel, the plot of which does not seem to fit with Pal’s second, opens with the Time Traveller enjoying a happy life with Weena, in a future world in which the Morlocks have died out. He and his son return to save Filby in World War I. This act changes the future, causing the nuclear war not to happen. He and his son are thus cut off from Weena in the far future. The Time Traveller thus has to solve a dilemma – allow his friend to die, and cause the later death of millions, or give up Weena forever.
• The Man Who Loved Morlocks (1981) and The Truth about Weena (1998) are two different sequels, the former a novel and the latter a short story, by David J. Lake. Each of them concerns the Time Traveller’s return to the future. In the former, he discovers that he cannot enter any period in time he has already visited, forcing him to travel into the further future, where he finds love with a woman whose race evolved from Morlock stock. In the latter, he is accompanied by Wells and succeeds in rescuing Weena and bringing her back to the 1890s, where her political ideas cause a peaceful revolution.
• The Time Ships, by Stephen Baxter, first published in 1995. This sequel was officially authorised by the Wells estate to mark the centenary of the original’s publication. In its wide-ranging narrative, the Traveller’s desire to return and rescue Weena is thwarted by the fact that he has changed history (by telling his tale to his friends, one of whom published the account). With a Morlock (in the new history, the Morlocks are intelligent and cultured), he travels through the multiverse as increasingly complicated timelines unravel around him, eventually meeting mankind’s far future descendants, whose ambition is to travel back to the birth of the universe, and modify the way the multiverse will unfold. This sequel includes many nods to the prehistory of Wells’s story in the names of characters and chapters.
• In «The Richmond Enigma» by John DeChancie, Sherlock Holmes investigates the disappearance of the Time Traveler, a contemporary and, in this story, a distant relative. The intervention of Holmes and Watson succeeds in calling back the missing Time Traveler, who has resolved to prevent the time machine’s existence, out of concern for the danger it could make possible. The story appeared in Sherlock Holmes in Orbit (1995)^[35]
• The Steam Man of the Prairie and the Dark Rider Get Down: A Dime Novel by Joe R. Lansdale, first published in The Long Ones (1999). In this story, the Time Traveller accidentally damages the space-time continuum and is transformed into the vampire-like Dark Rider.
• The 2003 short story «On the Surface» by Robert J. Sawyer begins with this quote from the Wells original: «I have suspected since that the Morlocks had even partially taken it [the time machine] to pieces while trying in their dim way to grasp its purpose.» In the Sawyer story, the Morlocks develop a fleet of time machines and use them to conquer the same far future Wells depicted at the end of the original, by which time, because the sun has grown red and dim and thus no longer blinds them, they can reclaim the surface of the world.
• The Time Traveller and his machine appear in the story Allan and the Sundered Veil by Alan Moore and Kevin O’Neill, which acts as a prequel to The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen, Volume One. The Time Traveller shares an adventure with fellow literary icons Allan Quatermain, John Carter, and Randolph Carter.
• David Haden’s novelette The Time Machine: A Sequel (2010) is a direct sequel, picking up where the original finished. The Time Traveller goes back to rescue Weena but finds the Eloi less simple than he first imagined, and time travel far more complicated.
• Simon Baxter’s novel The British Empire: Psychic Battalions Against the Morlocks (2010) imagines a steampunk/cyberpunk future in which the British Empire has remained the dominant world force until the Morlocks arrive from the future.
• Hal Colebatch’s Time-Machine Troopers (2011) (Acashic Publishers) is twice the length of the original. In it, the Time Traveller returns to the future world about 18 years after the time he escaped from the Morlocks, taking with him Robert Baden-Powell, the real-world founder of the Boy Scout movement. They set out to teach the Eloi self-reliance and self-defence against the Morlocks, but the Morlocks capture them. H.G. Wells and Winston Churchill are also featured as characters.
• Paul Schullery’s The Time Traveller’s Tale: Chronicle of a Morlock Captivity (2012) continues the story in the voice and manner of the original Wells book. After many years’ absence, the Time Traveller returns and describes his further adventures. His attempts to mobilize the Eloi in their own defense against the Morlocks failed when he was captured by the Morlocks. Much of the book is occupied with his deeply unsettling discoveries about the Morlock / Eloi symbiosis, his gradual assimilation into Morlock society, and his ultimately successful attempt to discover the true cause of humanity’s catastrophic transformation into two such tragic races.
• The Great Illustrated Classics in 1992 published an adaptation of Wells’s novella that adds an extra destination to the Time Traveller’s adventure: Stopping in 2200 AD on his way back home, he becomes caught up in a civil war between factions of a technocratic society that was established to avert ecological catastrophe.
• Beyond the Time Machine by Burt Libe (2002). The first of two Time Machine sequels written by US writer Burt Libe, it continues the story of the Time Traveller: where he finally settles down, including his rescue of Weena and his subsequent family with her. Highlighted are exploits of his daughters Narra and her younger sister Belinda; coping with their 33rd-Century existence; considering their unusual past and far-Future heritage. Doing some time travelling of their own, the daughters revisit 802,701 AD, discovering that the so-called dual-specie Eloi and Morlock inhabitants actually are far more complex and complicated than their father’s initial appraisal.
• Tangles in Time by Burt Libe (2005). The second of two Time Machine sequels written by American writer Burt Libe, it continues the story of younger daughter Belinda, now grown at age 22. Her father (the original Time Traveller) has just died from old age, and she and Weena (her mother) now must decide what to do with the rest of their lives. Weena makes a very unusual decision, leaving Belinda to search for her own place in time. Also, with further time travel, she locates her two long-lost brothers, previously thought to be dead; she also meets and rescues a young man from the far future, finding herself involved in a very confusing relationship.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

External links[edit]

Морфемный разбор слова:

Однокоренные слова к слову:

Машина времени

Машина времени
С английского: The Time Mashine.
Название фантастического романа (1895) английского писателя Герберта Джорджа Уэллса (1866—1946), в котором идет речь о путешествии в будущее на изобретенной «машине времени».
Шутливо-иронически: нечто (от художественного произведения до нестандартной социальной ситуации), что рождает у человека ощущение его перенесения (мыслями, чувствами) в прошлое или будущее.

Смотреть что такое «Машина времени» в других словарях:

Машина Времени — Годы с 1969 по наши дни … Википедия

МАШИНА ВРЕМЕНИ — «МАШИНА ВРЕМЕНИ», российская рок (см. РОК МУЗЫКА) группа Была организована в одной из московских школ в 1969, хотя ее создатель и бессменный лидер Андрей Макаревич (см. МАКАРЕВИЧ Андрей Вадимович) начал свой путь в музыку годом раньше. В 1968 он… … Энциклопедический словарь

МАШИНА ВРЕМЕНИ — (Time Machine), США, 2002, 95 мин. Фантастика, по мотивам романа Герберта Джорджа Уэллса. Математик Александр Хартдеген (Гай Пирс) живет в 1890 х годах. Он полон решимости доказать, что путешествие во времени возможно и так увлечен своей работой … Энциклопедия кино

Машина времени — У этого термина существуют и другие значения, см. Машина времени (значения). Машина времени гипотетическое устройство для путешествий во времени вопреки его естественному ходу. Машина времени является одним из наиболее популярных устройств … Википедия

Машина времени — Нов. В научно фантастических произведениях: изобретение, позволяющее свободно перенести человеческое воображение в прошлое или будущее. Писатели фантасты часто отправляют своих героев в будущее или прошлое, пользуясь для этого фантастической… … Фразеологический словарь русского литературного языка

Машина времени — крыл. сл. Заглавие фантастического романа (1895) Герберта Уэллса (1866 1946), в котором рассказывается о необыкновенном путешествии в далекое будущее на чудесной «машине времени» … Универсальный дополнительный практический толковый словарь И. Мостицкого

машина времени — 1. Установка, разработанная инженером В.А. Чернобровом на основе его рабочей теории, согласно которой на время можно влиять с помощью электромагнитных полей (сил). Опробовано несколько макетов МВ с положительными результатами. Эксперименты… … Толковый уфологический словарь с эквивалентами на английском и немецком языках

Машина времени (рок-группа) — Машина Времени Машина Времени Годы с 1969 по наши дни … Википедия

Источник

Машина времени

Машина времени — гипотетическое устройство для путешествий во времени вопреки его естественному ходу. Машина времени является одним из наиболее популярных устройств, описываемых в научной фантастике.

Машиной времени в физике часто называют пространство-время с замкнутыми непространственноподобными кривыми (то есть пространство-время, в котором наблюдатель в принципе может встретиться сам с собой).

Содержание

История

В фантастической литературе XIX века зарождается идея путешествия во времени. Однако ранние произведения не упоминали о том, что путешествие во времени может осуществляться при помощи машины, то есть некого технического устройства.

В произведении русского писателя А. Ф. Вельтмана «Предки Калимероса» (1836) описывается переносящий главного героя в прошлое фантастический гиппогриф — иногда его рассматривают как «биологический» прообраз машины времени.

В 1887 году испанский писатель Энрике Гаспар и Римбау (исп.) опубликовал в Барселоне новеллу «El anacronópete» (неологизм: «летящий навстречу времени»), в которой впервые появляется устройство для перемещения во времени. Позднее эта идея получила широкую известность с выходом в 1895 году романа Герберта Уэллса «Машина времени», которому предшествовал небольшой рассказ Уэллса «The Chronic Argonauts» («Аргонавты времени»), изданный в 1888 году.

По-новому тему путешествий во времени в середине двадцатого столетия осмысливают Айзек Азимов в романе Конец Вечности и Пол Андерсон в «Патруле времени».

Теория

Эксперименты

Считается, что при нынешнем технологическом уровне человеческой цивилизации машину времени построить невозможно. Однако, время от времени в печати появляются сообщения о секретных экспериментах по перемещению во времени, якобы проводимых военными.

Наиболее известны два таких «эксперимента»:

Научно-фантастическая литература и кинематограф

Описание внешнего вида и принципа действия машины времени у писателей и создателей фантастических фильмов весьма разнообразно. Один из первых «изобретателей» машины времени Герберт Уэллс описывал её невнятно:

Вот седло, в которое должен сесть Путешественник по Времени. Сейчас я нажму рычаг — и машина двинется… Некоторые части машины были сделаны из никеля, другие из слоновой кости; были и детали, несомненно, вырезанные или выпиленные из горного хрусталя. [10]

При этом путешествующий переносится в другое время сам вместе с некоторой окрестностью (порядка нескольких метров) вокруг машины времени. Принцип действия (у Уэллса) основан на движении вдоль оси времени, как вдоль одного из любых других трёх измерений

Единственное различие между Временем и любым из трех пространственных измерений заключается в том, что наше сознание движется по нему [10]

В английском сериале «Доктор Кто» машина времени ТАРДИС представляет собой космический корабль замаскированный под телефонную будку (если точнее, полицейскую будку), а внутри она была намного больше, чем казалась снаружи. То есть эта машина также может оперировать и геометрическими характеристиками пространства.

Общим во всех случаях является то, что герои должны набрать на пульте (устройстве ввода) дату того времени, в которое им нужно перенестись. В большинстве случаев само путешествие с точки зрения путешественника бывает не мгновенным, а как бы представляет собой постепенное перемещение вдоль оси времени с определённой скоростью.

Неделя, месяц, год, десятилетие! 2055 год. 2019, 1999! 1957! Мимо! Машина ревела… Время было словно кинолента, пущенная обратным ходом. Солнца летели вспять, за ними мчались десятки миллионов лун. [12]

Путешествие во времени — энергоёмкое предприятие. В фильме «Назад в будущее» каждое перемещение во времени требует 1,21 гигаватта энергии. В первой части трилогии для выработки такого количества энергии был нужен плутоний, во второй и третьих частях машина была оборудована домашним расщепителем материи и в плутонии уже не нуждалась. Но во всех трех фильмах сам автомобиль работал на бензине, что немаловажно, ибо перенос во времени можно было осуществить только достигнув скорости 88 миль в час. Разовая переброска во времени в романе «Конец Вечности» требовала мощности порядка 10 12 —10 13 ватт.

стрелка энергометра молчаливо настаивала на том, что потребление энергии по-прежнему составляет миллионы мегаватт. [13]

Источник

Как правильно пишется, ударение в слове «машина времени»

Ассоциации к словосочетанию «машина времени&raquo

Синонимы к словосочетанию «машина времени&raquo

Предложения со словосочетанием «машина времени&raquo

• – Разве что ты изобретёшь машину времени, мы отправимся в прошлое и помешаем жмуркинским дедушке и бабушке встретиться.

Цитаты из русской классики со словосочетанием «машина времени»

• Она ясно представила себе то далекое время , когда ее звали Анюткой и когда она, маленькая, лежала под одним одеялом с матерью, а рядом, в другой комнате, стирала белье жилица-прачка, и из соседних квартир, сквозь тонкие стены, слышались смех, брань, детский плач, гармоника, жужжание токарных станков и швейных машин , а отец, Аким Иваныч, знавший почти все ремесла, не обращая никакого внимания на тесноту и шум, паял что-нибудь около печки или чертил или строгал.

Сочетаемость слова «машина&raquo

Сочетаемость слова «временить&raquo

Сочетаемость слова «время&raquo

Значение словосочетания «машина времени&raquo

Машина времени — гипотетическое устройство для путешествий во времени вопреки его естественному ходу. Машина времени является одним из наиболее популярных устройств, описываемых в научной фантастике. (Википедия)

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Дополнительно

Значение словосочетания «машина времени&raquo

Машина времени — гипотетическое устройство для путешествий во времени вопреки его естественному ходу. Машина времени является одним из наиболее популярных устройств, описываемых в научной фантастике.

Предложения со словосочетанием «машина времени&raquo

– Разве что ты изобретёшь машину времени, мы отправимся в прошлое и помешаем жмуркинским дедушке и бабушке встретиться.

Вы не можете получать данные из будущего, если только вам не удалось создать машину времени.

Теперь, поскольку закона, который не позволял бы построить машину времени, не существует, физикам приходится очень серьёзно рассматривать такую возможность.

Источник статьи: http://kartaslov.ru/%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BA-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D1%8F-%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE/%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%20%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8

Машина времени

Машина времени
С английского: The Time Mashine.
Название фантастического романа (1895) английского писателя Герберта Джорджа Уэллса (1866—1946), в котором идет речь о путешествии в будущее на изобретенной «машине времени».
Шутливо-иронически: нечто (от художественного произведения до нестандартной социальной ситуации), что рождает у человека ощущение его перенесения (мыслями, чувствами) в прошлое или будущее.

Энциклопедический словарь крылатых слов и выражений. — М.: «Локид-Пресс» . Вадим Серов . 2003 .

Словарь крылатых слов . Plutex . 2004 .

Смотреть что такое “Машина времени” в других словарях:

Машина Времени — Годы с 1969 по наши дни … Википедия

МАШИНА ВРЕМЕНИ — группа, накрепко связанная с именем поэта, музыканта и художника Андрея Макаревича. Свою первую группу Макаревич собрал еще в 1968 году, учась в английской спецшколе № 19. Она называлась The Kids , состояла из двух гитар, и две одноклассницы… … Русский рок. Малая энциклопедия

МАШИНА ВРЕМЕНИ — «МАШИНА ВРЕМЕНИ», российская рок (см. РОК МУЗЫКА) группа Была организована в одной из московских школ в 1969, хотя ее создатель и бессменный лидер Андрей Макаревич (см. МАКАРЕВИЧ Андрей Вадимович) начал свой путь в музыку годом раньше. В 1968 он… … Энциклопедический словарь

МАШИНА ВРЕМЕНИ — (Time Machine), США, 2002, 95 мин. Фантастика, по мотивам романа Герберта Джорджа Уэллса. Математик Александр Хартдеген (Гай Пирс) живет в 1890 х годах. Он полон решимости доказать, что путешествие во времени возможно и так увлечен своей работой … Энциклопедия кино

МАШИНА ВРЕМЕНИ — российская рок группа, образована в 1968 в Москве. Состав: А. Макаревич, А. Кутиков, Зайцев, Ефремов, Маргулис, Подгородецкий. Первыми вложили в тексты песен социально этическое содержание. Лучшие песни конца 1970 х гг. Пока горит свеча , Кафе… … Большой Энциклопедический словарь

Машина времени — У этого термина существуют и другие значения, см. Машина времени (значения). Машина времени гипотетическое устройство для путешествий во времени вопреки его естественному ходу. Машина времени является одним из наиболее популярных устройств … Википедия

Машина времени — Нов. В научно фантастических произведениях: изобретение, позволяющее свободно перенести человеческое воображение в прошлое или будущее. Писатели фантасты часто отправляют своих героев в будущее или прошлое, пользуясь для этого фантастической… … Фразеологический словарь русского литературного языка

Машина времени — крыл. сл. Заглавие фантастического романа (1895) Герберта Уэллса (1866 1946), в котором рассказывается о необыкновенном путешествии в далекое будущее на чудесной «машине времени» … Универсальный дополнительный практический толковый словарь И. Мостицкого

машина времени — 1. Установка, разработанная инженером В.А. Чернобровом на основе его рабочей теории, согласно которой на время можно влиять с помощью электромагнитных полей (сил). Опробовано несколько макетов МВ с положительными результатами. Эксперименты… … Толковый уфологический словарь с эквивалентами на английском и немецком языках

Машина времени (рок-группа) — Машина Времени Машина Времени Годы с 1969 по наши дни … Википедия

Источник статьи: http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/dic_wingwords/1456/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0

Машина времени

Фразеологический словарь русского литературного языка. — М.: Астрель, АСТ . А. И. Фёдоров . 2008 .

Смотреть что такое “Машина времени” в других словарях:

Машина Времени — Годы с 1969 по наши дни … Википедия

МАШИНА ВРЕМЕНИ — группа, накрепко связанная с именем поэта, музыканта и художника Андрея Макаревича. Свою первую группу Макаревич собрал еще в 1968 году, учась в английской спецшколе № 19. Она называлась The Kids , состояла из двух гитар, и две одноклассницы… … Русский рок. Малая энциклопедия

МАШИНА ВРЕМЕНИ — «МАШИНА ВРЕМЕНИ», российская рок (см. РОК МУЗЫКА) группа Была организована в одной из московских школ в 1969, хотя ее создатель и бессменный лидер Андрей Макаревич (см. МАКАРЕВИЧ Андрей Вадимович) начал свой путь в музыку годом раньше. В 1968 он… … Энциклопедический словарь

Машина времени — С английского: The Time Mashine. Название фантастического романа (1895) английского писателя Герберта Джорджа Уэллса (1866 1946), в котором идет речь о путешествии в будущее на изобретенной «машине времени». Шутливо иронически: нечто (от… … Словарь крылатых слов и выражений

МАШИНА ВРЕМЕНИ — (Time Machine), США, 2002, 95 мин. Фантастика, по мотивам романа Герберта Джорджа Уэллса. Математик Александр Хартдеген (Гай Пирс) живет в 1890 х годах. Он полон решимости доказать, что путешествие во времени возможно и так увлечен своей работой … Энциклопедия кино

МАШИНА ВРЕМЕНИ — российская рок группа, образована в 1968 в Москве. Состав: А. Макаревич, А. Кутиков, Зайцев, Ефремов, Маргулис, Подгородецкий. Первыми вложили в тексты песен социально этическое содержание. Лучшие песни конца 1970 х гг. Пока горит свеча , Кафе… … Большой Энциклопедический словарь

Машина времени — У этого термина существуют и другие значения, см. Машина времени (значения). Машина времени гипотетическое устройство для путешествий во времени вопреки его естественному ходу. Машина времени является одним из наиболее популярных устройств … Википедия

Машина времени — крыл. сл. Заглавие фантастического романа (1895) Герберта Уэллса (1866 1946), в котором рассказывается о необыкновенном путешествии в далекое будущее на чудесной «машине времени» … Универсальный дополнительный практический толковый словарь И. Мостицкого

машина времени — 1. Установка, разработанная инженером В.А. Чернобровом на основе его рабочей теории, согласно которой на время можно влиять с помощью электромагнитных полей (сил). Опробовано несколько макетов МВ с положительными результатами. Эксперименты… … Толковый уфологический словарь с эквивалентами на английском и немецком языках

Машина времени (рок-группа) — Машина Времени Машина Времени Годы с 1969 по наши дни … Википедия

Источник статьи: http://phraseology.academic.ru/6451/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8

Перемещения во времени могут стать реальностью? – Американский астрофизик изобрел Машину Времени

В начале января от исследователя из Коннектикутского университета Рона Маллета поступило заявление о том, что он изобрел прототип Машины Времени.

При этом Маллет подчеркивает, что конечно же он знаком с теорией относительности Эйнштейна, согласно которой можно перемещаться лишь в будущее. Однако, по его словам, он готов опровергнуть эту теорию, ведь на его Машине возможно будет перемещаться не только в будущее, но и в прошлое. Изобретение Маллета работает за счет лазеров, способных скручивать время и пространство.

Почти сразу же после Нового года Маллет дал интервью американскому телеканалу CNN, в котором рассказал о причине, побудившей его создать Машину Времени. Дело в том, что, когда Рону было всего 10 лет, трагически погиб его отец. С того времени Маллета не покидало желание вернутся в Прошлое и еще раз повидать своего отца. И вот спустя 64 года его мечта может осуществиться.

Несмотря на то, что у отца Рона Маллета были проблемы с деньгами, он всегда старался способствовать развитию сына. Мальчик читал много книг и интересовался наукой. Примерно через полтора года после кончины отца на глаза Рону попалась книга Герберта Уэллса «Машина времени» после прочтения которой мальчик был так впечатлен, что захотел создать такую машину в реальности.

Рон Маллет – довольно известный физик, доктор наук, который специализируется на черных дырах, а также изучает связь времени, пространства и гравитации по теории относительности. Первое его изобретение основано на работе лазеров и используется в области производства самолетных реактивных двигателей.

Пару десятилетий назад Коннектикутский университет разрешил ученому проводить свои разработки в его лабораториях, Маллет при этом стал числиться штатным профессором. По словам физика, он не боится осуждения со стороны общества, если то не мешает ему в его работе. Но общество, наоборот, поддержало изобретателя, и он начал получать много писем от людей, которые хотели бы побывать в прошлом.

По общей теории относительности, время зависит от скорости, и если какой-то объект движется почти со скоростью света, то он будет обгонять время. И пока для него пройдет всего лишь год, на Земле это время будет измеряться десятком лет. С прошлым дело обстоит примерно так же, но время тут надо скрутить в петлю. Как объясняет Маллет, необходимо создать туннель времени с двумя проходами наподобие порталов, чтобы по нему перемещаться в прошлое и обратно.

Для сжатия времени Маллету необходимы мощные кольцевые лазеры, которые он, как утверждает, уже создал. Такое устройство способно влиять на время и пространство, что подтверждает недавно выведенное Маллетом теоретическое уравнение. Единственной проблемой, которую пока не смог решить ученый, является то, что при возвращении из прошлого в настоящее, человек попадет именно в тот момент, когда он включал машину.

Источник статьи: http://zen.yandex.ru/media/poznavaemoe/peremesceniia-vo-vremeni-mogut-stat-realnostiu-amerikanskii-astrofizik-izobrel-mashinu-vremeni-5e2fc9f8e6e8ef00ad1ab5d9

Машина времени — гипотетическое устройство для путешествий во времени вопреки его естественному ходу. Машина времени является одним из наиболее популярных устройств, описываемых в научной фантастике.

Машиной времени в физике часто называют пространство-время с замкнутыми непространственноподобными кривыми (то есть пространство-время, в котором наблюдатель в принципе может встретиться сам с собой).

История

В фантастической литературе XIX века зарождается идея путешествия во времени. Однако ранние произведения не упоминали о том, что путешествие во времени может осуществляться при помощи машины, то есть некого технического устройства.

В произведении русского писателя А. Ф. Вельтмана «Предки Калимероса» (1836) описывается переносящий главного героя в прошлое фантастический гиппогриф — иногда его рассматривают как «биологический» прообраз машины времени.

В 1887 году испанский писатель Энрике Гаспар и Римбау (исп.) опубликовал в Барселоне новеллу «El anacronópete» (неологизм: «летящий навстречу времени»), в которой впервые появляется устройство для перемещения во времени. Позднее эта идея получила широкую известность с выходом в 1895 году романа Герберта Уэллса «Машина времени», которому предшествовал небольшой рассказ Уэллса «The Chronic Argonauts» («Аргонавты времени»), изданный в 1888 году.

По-новому тему путешествий во времени в середине двадцатого столетия осмысливают Айзек Азимов в романе Конец Вечности и Пол Андерсон в «Патруле времени».

Теория

В 1948 г. Курт Гёдель нашёл решение для составленных Эйнштейном уравнений гравитационного поля, описывающих вращающуюся Вселенную. Путешествуя в пространстве такой Вселенной, космонавт может достичь своего прошлого. … В такой Вселенной свет (и, соответственно, причинно-следственная связь между объектами) будет вовлечен во вращательное движение, что позволит материальным объектам описывать траектории, замкнутые не только в пространстве, но и во времени. Решение Геделя отложили в сторону как математический парадокс — в конце концов, нет свидетельств того, что вся наша Вселенная вращается. Тем не менее полученный Геделем результат показал, что теория относительности не исключает перемещения назад во времени. Более того, сам Эйнштейн был озадачен этим фактом^[1].

Эксперименты

Считается, что при нынешнем технологическом уровне человеческой цивилизации машину времени построить невозможно. Однако, время от времени в печати появляются сообщения о секретных экспериментах по перемещению во времени, якобы проводимых военными.

Наиболее известны два таких «эксперимента»:

1. Филадельфийский эксперимент (проект «Радуга», Philadelphia Experiment). Якобы в 1943 году на базе ВМС США в Филадельфии изучали проблему невидимости военных кораблей для радаров. Руководил проектом Джон фон Нейман. В ходе этих исследований был создан «электромагнитный пузырь»^{[источник не указан 1254 дня]} — экран, который отводил излучение радаров мимо корабля. Однажды в ходе этих экспериментов «электромагнитным пузырём» был окружён военный корабль «Элдридж»^{[источник не указан 1254 дня]}, который вдруг исчез у всех на глазах, а потом возник^{[источник не указан 1254 дня]} на удалении в сотни миль в Норфолке (штат Виргиния). Команда корабля уверяла^{[источник не указан 1254 дня]}, что они побывали в будущем. Комиссия признала всех членов команды сумасшедшими, а проект был закрыт. (Подробнее см. ст. Что случилось с эсминцем «Элдридж»?).
2. Проект Montauk (проект «Феникс»). Исследования, которые якобы проводились с 1943 года по 1983 год на военной базе США рядом с городом Монтаук (штат Нью-Йорк). В ходе этих экспериментов испытуемым облучали мозг высокочастотными радиоимпульсами, что приводило к возникновению у них различных галлюцинаций. Многие испытуемые сообщали, что они побывали в будущем. После того, как несколько испытуемых сошли с ума, проект был закрыт (см. ст. «Монтаук: Эксперименты со временем».).

Высока вероятность, что сообщения о подобных экспериментах являются лишь выдумками журналистов и/или людей с неуравновешенной психикой^{[источник не указан 755 дней]}. Но некоторые люди верят, что реальные события были приукрашены выдумками, чтобы они не привлекли внимания военных Советского Союза.

По мнению некоторых сторонников существования паранормальных явлений, сам человек является природной машиной времени и может совершать путешествия во времени. В рамках данных представлений составляются каталоги^[2] геологических и палеонтологических находок, в частности, отпечатков якобы человеческих ступней или обуви, а также металлические болты и гвозди в слоях пород возрастом несколько сотен миллионов лет. Например, экспедицией «Космопоиск» из Московского авиационного института (руководитель — В. А. Чернобров) на юге Калужской области был найден такой болт в булыжнике, возраст которого сторонники аномальных находок оценивают в 200 миллионов лет. Уфологи пытаются объяснить подобные артефакты прилётом инопланетян, креационисты разных религий — либо (как индуисты М. Кремо и Р. Томпсон^[3]) глубокой древностью (сотни миллионов или даже миллиарды лет) человечества, либо (как некоторые протестанты^[4][5] или православные^[6][7]) малым (несколько тысяч лет) возрастом Земли. С точки зрения общепринятых в геологии и палеонтологии представлений, такие «аномальные» находки либо вообще не являются следами присутствия человека (отпечатки якобы человеческих ног являются разломами в породе^[8]), либо представляют собой включение артефактов (болты, гайки, молотки и т. д.) в современные конкреции^[9].

Научно-фантастическая литература и кинематограф

Описание внешнего вида и принципа действия машины времени у писателей и создателей фантастических фильмов весьма разнообразно. Один из первых «изобретателей» машины времени Герберт Уэллс описывал её невнятно:

Вот седло, в которое должен сесть Путешественник по Времени. Сейчас я нажму рычаг — и машина двинется… Некоторые части машины были сделаны из никеля, другие из слоновой кости; были и детали, несомненно, вырезанные или выпиленные из горного хрусталя.^[10]

При этом путешествующий переносится в другое время сам вместе с некоторой окрестностью (порядка нескольких метров) вокруг машины времени. Принцип действия (у Уэллса) основан на движении вдоль оси времени, как вдоль одного из любых других трёх измерений

Единственное различие между Временем и любым из трех пространственных измерений заключается в том, что наше сознание движется по нему^[10]

В фантастической повести «Понедельник начинается в субботу» братьев Стругацких машина времени имеет форму велосипеда. В трилогии «Назад в будущее» — автомобиля. В романе Айзека Азимова «Конец Вечности» герои путешествуют в специальных капсулах, отдалённо напоминающих лифт, в колодцах времени, заполненных темпоральным полем. В фантастической повести Кира Булычева «Сто лет тому вперёд» путешественник во времени должен встать к специальному пульту для переброски. Машина времени может быть компактным устройством^[11], а также может совмещать перенос в пространстве и во времени (Кин-дза-дза).

В английском сериале «Доктор Кто» машина времени ТАРДИС представляет собой космический корабль замаскированный под телефонную будку (если точнее, полицейскую будку), а внутри она была намного больше, чем казалась снаружи. То есть эта машина также может оперировать и геометрическими характеристиками пространства.

Общим во всех случаях является то, что герои должны набрать на пульте (устройстве ввода) дату того времени, в которое им нужно перенестись. В большинстве случаев само путешествие с точки зрения путешественника бывает не мгновенным, а как бы представляет собой постепенное перемещение вдоль оси времени с определённой скоростью.

Неделя, месяц, год, десятилетие! 2055 год. 2019, 1999! 1957! Мимо! Машина ревела… Время было словно кинолента, пущенная обратным ходом. Солнца летели вспять, за ними мчались десятки миллионов лун.^[12]

Путешествие во времени — энергоёмкое предприятие. В фильме «Назад в будущее» каждое перемещение во времени требует 1,21 гигаватта энергии. В первой части трилогии для выработки такого количества энергии был нужен плутоний, во второй и третьих частях машина была оборудована домашним расщепителем материи и в плутонии уже не нуждалась. Но во всех трех фильмах сам автомобиль работал на бензине, что немаловажно, ибо перенос во времени можно было осуществить только достигнув скорости 88 миль в час. Разовая переброска во времени в романе «Конец Вечности» требовала мощности порядка 10¹²—10¹³ ватт.

стрелка энергометра молчаливо настаивала на том, что потребление энергии по-прежнему составляет миллионы мегаватт.^[13]

В научно-фантастической литературе встречаются и другие названия машины времени: хроноцикл^[14], капсула в темпоральном поле^[13], камера хронопортации, хроноскаф, хронокат^[15]. В произведениях Гарри Гаррисона «Крыса из нержавеющей стали» перемещение во времени и в пространстве осуществляется с помощью темпоральной спирали.

См. также

• Виртуальная машина времени
• Путешествие во времени

Примечания

Ссылки

• Time Machines — статья в Стэнфордской философской энциклопедии  (англ.)
• Time machine (1988—2001)
• «Машина времени. От ракет до „кротовых нор“» «Знание — Сила» № 10/1990
• Ссылка на статью о «Машине времени» в анизотропном пространстве
• Ромм Фредди А.. Как Сделать Машину Времени?